Exam 4 Urinary

Question 1

What are functions of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Filter plasma, regulate blood pressure and blood volume, secrete renin and erythropoietin, secrete calcitrol, buffer blood, detoxify blood, gluconeogenesis

Question 2

Renin function

Answer 2

Causes vasoconstriction leading to sodium retention and higher BP. Leads to ADH production

Question 3

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 3

Increases concentration of RBCs, increase viscosity, increase blood pressure

Question 4

Where is renal fascia?

Answer 4

Anterior towards the abdominal wall

Question 5

Nepharatosis

Answer 5

Drooping of kidney if adipose capsule deteriorates

Question 6

What is the space that renal sinus opens into?

Answer 6

Hilum

Question 7

What are renal medulla surrounded by?

Answer 7

Cortical tissue

Question 8

How much of the cardiac output does the kidney obtain?

Answer 8

20-25%

Question 9

What does the renal artery branch into?

Answer 9

Segmental arteries

Question 10

What do segmental arteries divide into?

Answer 10

Interlobar arteries

Question 11

What does the interlobar arteries supply blood to?

Answer 11

Arcuate arteries between renal cortex and medulla

Question 12

What does the arcuate arteries give rise to?

Answer 12

Cortical radiate arteries or interlobular arteries that supply individual nephrons

Question 13

Name the order of blood vessels that make up the renal vein

Answer 13

Interlobular vein to arcuate vein to interlobar vein to renal vein

Question 14

Functions of sympathetic innervation of kidneys

Answer 14

Regulation of renal blood flow and pressure. Renin release. Stimulation of water and sodium reabsorption

Question 15

What branches off of Interlobular arteries?

Answer 15

Afferent arterioles

Question 16

What does peritubular capillaries drain into?

Answer 16

Small Venules that carry blood to the interlobular veins

Question 17

A person with diabetes insipidis would have problems with

Answer 17

Reabsorption

Question 18

What two tissue types are in ureters?

Answer 18

Smooth muscle and transitional epithelium

Question 19

Where does most reabsorption occur

Answer 19

PCT

Question 20

What is responsible for creating hypertonicity for reabsorption of water?

Answer 20

Vasa recta

Question 21

What is vasa recta?

Answer 21

Small group of slender capillaries that reabsorb water and return it to the general circulation

Question 22

Where are podocytes located?

Answer 22

Visceral epithelium that covers glomerular capillaries

Question 23

Where are glomerular capillaries connected to blood stream?

Answer 23

Vascular pole where the connection between parietal and visceral epithelium takes place

Question 24

What kind of capillaries are glomerular capillaries?

Answer 24

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 25

What physical barriers must filtrate go through?

Answer 25

Capillary endothelium, basal lamina, and glomerular epithelium

Question 26

When the basal lamina of the renal corpuscle encircles two or more capillaries, what cells are present?

Answer 26

Mesangial cells

Question 27

What are functions of mesangial cells?

Answer 27

Physical support for capillaries, engulf organic materials, regulate diameter of capillaries, and regulate blood flow and filtration

Question 28

Where are thick segments of the nephron loop often found?

Answer 28

Cortex

Question 29

What kind of epithelium lines the thin segment of the nephron loop?

Answer 29

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 30

What kind of transport does the thick segment of ascending limb of Nephron loop have?

Answer 30

Active transport

Question 31

Thin ascending and descending limbs are only freely permeable to what?

Answer 31

Water

Question 32

How does DCT differ from PCT?

Answer 32

DCT has smaller diameter, epithelial cells lack microvilli, boundaries between epithelial cells in the DCT are distinct

Question 33

What is the DCT an important site for?

Answer 33

Active secretion, selective reabsorption of sodium, selective reabsorption of water

Question 34

What is the macula densa?

Answer 34

Epithelial cells near afferent arteriole in DCT at vascular pole. They monitor electrolyte concentration

Question 35

What cells form the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 35

Macula densa, extra glomerular mesengial cells, juxtaglomerular cells

Question 36

What is the trigone function?

Answer 36

Channel urine into urethra when bladder is full

Question 37

Function of detrusor muscle

Answer 37

Compresses bladder putting contents into the urethra

Question 38

In the micturition reflex, the pelvic nerves carry impulses that are generated into the sacral spinal cord. What comes next to make us aware?

Answer 38

Parasympathetic motor neurons in spinal cord, contraction of urinary bladder, interneurons relay sensations to cerebral cortex

Question 39

Three layers deep to superficial stabilizing kidney

Answer 39

Fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia

Question 40

What does a renal lobe contain?

Answer 40

Renal pyramid, overlying area of renal cortex, and renal columns

Question 41

Where does urine production occur?

Answer 41

Renal lobes

Question 42

What is in the renal medulla?

Answer 42

Renal pyramids, renal papilla, renal columns

Question 43

What do cortical radiate arteries supply?

Answer 43

Renal lobe

Question 44

What does afferent arterioles supply?

Answer 44

Individual nephrons

Question 45

Secondary processes are separated by filtration slits. What kind of filtrate does filtration slits bring about?

Answer 45

Water with dissolved ions, small organic molecules, and few plasma proteins

Question 46

Where does entry into the PCT lie?

Answer 46

Tubular pole of renal corpuscle

Question 47

What can basal lamina let through?

Answer 47

Small plasma proteins ions nutrients

Question 48

What kind of pores does capillary endothelium have?

Answer 48

Large pores that restrict diffusion of blood cells but allow for large proteins and solutes

Question 49

What can't pass through filtration slits?

Answer 49

Plasma proteins

Question 50

Glomerular filtrate is free from what?

Answer 50

Proteins