Exam 4 Chapter 20

Question 1

What structural features of capillaries make them well suited for their function of nourishing body tissues and removing waste products?

Answer 1

• single layer of endothelial cells (good for diffusion)
• diameter similar to RBC (maximizes surface contact and gas diffusion)
• endothelial clefts and fenestrations contribute to capillary permeability

Question 2

What components in the wall of a muscular artery help to move blood through these vessels?

Answer 2

thick smooth muscle of tunica media and internal and external elastic membranes

Question 3

What mechanisms aid in maintaining the movement of venous blood?

Answer 3

• valves that prevent backflow
• normal bod movement
• skeletal muscle pump

Question 4

Define vasa vasorum.

Answer 4

Small vessels in the tunica externa of larger arteries that supply the outer layers of these larger vessels

Question 5

Define arterial anastomoses.

Answer 5

junctions between two different arteries that supply a common organ

Question 6

Define varicose veins.

Answer 6

form when the valves of a vein fail and blood pools in the vessel

Question 7

Define artery

Answer 7

vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Question 8

Why is the pulmonary artery illustrated in blue? Where is the blood traveling in relation to the heart?

Answer 8

Blue = poorly oxygenated blood
- carrying blood away from the heart = artery

Question 9

Name the 3 vessels that branch off the aortic arch and the body region each serves.

Answer 9

• Brachiocephalic trunk = head, neck, thorax, and upper limb on the right side
• left common carotid artery = left portions of the head and neck
• left subclavian artery = thorax and upper limb

Question 10

Name the four major vessels that supply blood to the brain. What’s the origin?

Answer 10

• right/left internal carotid arteries: start at common carotid arteries
• right/left vertebral arteries: start at subclavian arteries

Question 11

Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the thigh?

Answer 11

femoral artery

Question 12

Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the arm?

Answer 12

brachial artery

Question 13

Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the wrist?

Answer 13

radial artery

Question 14

Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the foot?

Answer 14

dorsalis pedis artery

Question 15

Which vessel do you palpate to feel a pulse in the neck?

Answer 15

common carotid artery

Question 16

Name the vessels that branch off the abdominal aorta to supply blood to the digestive organs. Name each organ.

Answer 16

• celiac trunk = stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, part of small intestine
• superior mesenteric artery = supplies the small intestine, ascending colon, and part of the transverse colon
• inferior mesenteric artery = distal portion of transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum

Question 17

Consider the hepatic veins and the hepatic portal vein. Which organ or organs does each vein drain? Into which vessel does each vein empty?

Answer 17

Hepatic portal vein drains GI tract organs, enters the liver, and empties into the liver sinusoids
Hepatic veins: drains blood from liver and empties into inferior vena cava

Question 18

In which body region area is the cephalic vein located?

Answer 18

superficial vein of upper limb

Question 19

In which body region area is the popliteal vein located?

Answer 19

posterior knee

Question 20

In which body region area is the transverse sinus located?

Answer 20

head

Question 21

In which body region area is the saphenous vein located?

Answer 21

superficial vein of the lower limb

Question 22

In which body region area is the azygos vein located?

Answer 22

right posterior thoracic wall

Question 23

Describe the clinical importance of the median cubital vein and the great saphenous vein.

Answer 23

median cubital vein = common site for blood withdrawal
great saphenous vein = coronary artery bypass surgery

Question 24

What lifestyle factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?

Answer 24

smoking, high-fat diet, sedentary lifestyle

Question 25

How does elevated blood glucose associated with diabetes mellitus affect the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues?

Answer 25

Basement membrane of capillaries thickens in diabetes mellitus - lowers rate of gas diffusion and nutrients

Question 26

Which vessel in the fetus carries the most highly oxygenated blood?

Answer 26

umbilical vein

Question 27

Where is the ductus arteriosus located? How does it function to shunt blood from the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 27

between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta - shunted by aorta, so pulmonary circuit is bypassed

Question 28

What is true about azygos veins?

Answer 28

It joins the superior vena cava

Question 29

What is the name of the vein that blood can reach the heart from the abdominopelvic viscera?

Answer 29

inferior vena cava

Question 30

How is blood flow through the capillaries steady despite the rhythmic pumping action of the heart?

Answer 30

elasticity of all the arteries

Question 31

What vascular tunic forms the valves of veins?

Answer 31

intima

Question 32

What vascular tunic is the thickest in the veins?

Answer 32

externa

Question 33

What vascular tunic has the largest vasa varsorum?

Answer 33

externa

Question 34

What vascular tunic is the outer one and is mostly connective tissue?

Answer 34

externa

Question 35

What vascular tunic contains endothelium?

Answer 35

intima

Question 36

What vascular tunic is mostly smooth muscle?

Answer 36

media

Question 37

Which vessel is bilaterally symmetrical?

Answer 37

internal carotid artery

Question 38

Which artery is missing from the sequence: Blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, the right subclavian artery, the axillary and brachial arteries, and through either the radial or ulnar artery to a palmar arch?

Answer 38

brachiocephalic before right subclavian artery

Question 39

What veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava?

Answer 39

lumbar veins, hepatic veins, renal veins

Question 40

What artery is used to measure pulse rate at the wrist?

Answer 40

radial artery

Question 41

Which artery is missing from the sequence: Blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, the left common carotid artery, and the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 41

internal carotid artery

Question 42

What 2 veins are missing from the sequence: (draining superficial venous blood from the leg) Blood enters the great saphenous vein, femoral vein, inferior vena cava, and right atrium?

Answer 42

external and common iliacs

Question 43

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 43

rectum and part of the colon

Question 44

Which 2 vessels are missing from the sequence: (draining venous blood from small intestine) blood enters superior mesenteric vein, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, and right atrium?

Answer 44

hepatic portal vein and liver sinusoids

Question 45

Which vessel is missing from the sequence: (circulation to and from placenta) Blood in fetus goes from left ventricle to the aorta, to a common iliac artery, to an internal iliac artery, to an umbilical artery, to capillaries in the placenta, to the ductus venosus, to a hepatic vein, to the inferior vena cava, to the right atrium, to the foramen ovale, to the left atrium, and to the left ventricle?

Answer 45

umbilical vein

Question 46

What are examples of pressure points for major arteries?

Answer 46

- medial bicipital furrow on arm - midinguinal point in the femoral triangle

Question 47

What is considered a pulse point?

Answer 47

- anatomical snuff box - inferior margin of mandible anterior to masseter muscle - medial bicipital furrow on arm - dorsum of foot between the first two metatarsals

Question 48

What layer of the vein is responsible for changes in the vein's diameter?

Answer 48

tunica media