Exam Three - Plasticity

Question 1

neuroplasticity

Answer 1

the ability of the brain to change and adapt itself as a result of one’s experience

Question 2

the process of experience dependent changes in synaptic connectivity is called

Answer 2

synaptic plasticity

Question 3

10 principles of neuroplasticity

Answer 3

1 - use it or lose it
2 - use it and improve it
3 - specificity
4 - repetition matters
5 - intensity
6 - time
7 - slience
8 - age
9 - generalization
10 - interference

Question 4

4 ways for the brain to change

Answer 4

1 - neurogenesis
2 - synaptogenesis
3 - strengthened synapses LTP
4 - weakened synapses LTD

Question 5

3 primary vesicles of brain development

Answer 5

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

Question 6

what are the secondary brain vesicles

Answer 6

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 7

the development of neurons in the brain involved these 6 processes

Answer 7

1 - proliferation
2 - migration
3 - differentiation
4 - pruning
5 - myelination
6 - synaptogenesis

Question 8

proliferation

Answer 8

production of new cells/neurons primarily occurs early in life

Question 9

migration

Answer 9

movement of newly formed neurons to their eventual location **radial glia help guide the neurons

Question 10

differentiation

Answer 10

forming of the axon and dendrites

Question 11

do axons or dendrites grow first

Answer 11

axons

Question 12

programmed cell death/pruning results from..

Answer 12

a surplus of neurons relative to target

Question 13

where does myelination occur first

Answer 13

spinal cord

Question 14

neurogenesis ->__________ -> competitive inhibition

Answer 14

synaptogenesis

Question 15

this occurs during synaptogenesis and competitive elimination

Answer 15

dendritic and axonal arborization

Question 16

monocular deprivation experiment

Answer 16

one eye of a newborn kitten was closed after birth for 2 months. no cells received input from both eyes while the control group did. connections between the good eye and the brain became stronger

Question 17

what was the conclusion of the monocular deprivation experiment

Answer 17

deprivation of one eye early in life lead to a physical rewiring of the brain

Question 18

what neurotransmitter triggers the onset of critical periods

Answer 18

GABA

Question 19

what age is the end of the critical periof

Answer 19

5

Question 20

multimodal association areas in ________, ________, and _______- lobes mature last

Answer 20

parietal, frontal, temporal

Question 21

this is important for learning and memory by converting short term memory to more permanent memory

Answer 21

hippocampus

Question 22

T or F: the hippocampus is for storage

Answer 22

false

Question 23

these 3 things control emotional or behavioral memories

Answer 23

amygdala, striatum, cerebellum

Question 24

declarative memory

Answer 24

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory, knowledge that can be declared

Question 25

2 types of declarative memory

Answer 25

semantic and episodic

Question 26

semantic memory

Answer 26

cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts about the world, such as word definitions, how to add or subtract, name of capitals, dates of historical events and their meaning

Question 27

episodic memory

Answer 27

unique representations of personal experiments

Question 28

this is a temporary form of declarative memory

Answer 28

working memory

Question 29

what are the stages of memory

Answer 29

sensory, short term, long term

Question 30

this provides neural basis for short term memory

Answer 30

reverberating circuits

Question 31

the prefrontal cortex is anterior to _______ and ______ cortex

Answer 31

primary motor and premotor

Question 32

function of prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

executive functions, planning, decision making, personality, social behavior

Question 33

T or F: spatial memory is a form of declarative memory

Answer 33

true

Question 34

spatial memory

Answer 34

memory for the physical environment, it includes things such as location of objects, direction, and cognitive maps

Question 35

place cells

Answer 35

neurons maximally responsive to specific locations in the worldt

Question 36

these cells are pyramidal neurons in the dorsal hippocampus

Answer 36

place cells

Question 37

grid cells

Answer 37

entorhinal neurons that allow brain to track position in space when external cues are absent

Question 38

______- cells know the location while ____ cells know how to get from one place to another

Answer 38

place, grid

Question 39

T or F: grid cells represent locations

Answer 39

F

Question 40

CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit and gives output to the entorhinal cortex via

Answer 40

subiculum

Question 41

CA2 receives input from the entorhinal cortex via the

Answer 41

perforant path

Question 42

CA3 receives input from

Answer 42

mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus

Question 43

this is the pacemaker of the hippocampus

Answer 43

CA3

Question 44

CA3 project to regions CA2 and CA1 via

Answer 44

schaffer collaterals

Question 45

long-term potentiation

Answer 45

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation Fire together wire together

Question 46

long term depression

Answer 46

a long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized fire out of sync, lose the link

Question 47

encoding new long term memory involved persistent changes in (5)

Answer 47

1 - number of synapses 2 - shape of synapses 3 - amount of neurotransmitter release 4 - number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 5 - gene expression that facilitates long term changes in synaptic structure

Question 48

CREB

Answer 48

protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories

Question 49

memory consolidation consists of these 2 specific processes

Answer 49

synaptic consolidation system consolidation

Question 50

declarative memories are encoded in the ___ then transferred to the ________ lobe for long term storage and consolidation

Answer 50

hippcampus frontal

Question 51

what are some possible causes of brain damage

Answer 51

1 - tumors 2 - infections 3 - exposure to toxic substances 4 - neurodegenerative disorders 5 - stroke 6 - close head injuries

Question 52

3 types of strokes

Answer 52

ischemia, embolic, hemorrhagic

Question 53

T or F: some mechanisms of recovery after damage are similar to mechanisms of brain development

Answer 53

T

Question 54

T or F: If the soma is damaged it can be replaced

Answer 54

F: apoptosis occurs

Question 55

2 barriers to axonal growth after CNS injury

Answer 55

glia scar myelin associated inhibitors

Question 56

Tor F: CNS axons grow back quicker than PNS

Answer 56

F

Question 57

Axonal sprouting

Answer 57

undamaged axons grow new nerve endings to reconnect neurons whose links were injured or severed

Question 58

after damage postsynaptic cells deprived of synaptic inputs develop _________ to neurotransmitters

Answer 58

increased sensitivity

Question 59

denervation hypersensitivity

Answer 59

sharp increase of sensitivity to postsynaptic membranes to neurotransmitters after denervation

Question 60

disuse hypersensitivity

Answer 60

target cells on losing neural input through either denervation or chronic application of an antagonist, produce more than the normal number of receptors, resulting in an exaggerated response when a neurotransmitter is applied

Question 61

phantom pain caused by

Answer 61

map expansion neuroplasticity in which local brain regions acquire areas of unused phantom map

Question 62

difference in repaire/regeneration in the CNS vs PNS

Answer 62

PNS = axon regeneration, growth factors from schwann cells CNS = gets rid of axon, growth inhibiting factors

Question 63

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS do not promote growth and secrete a growth inhibiting factor when damaged called

Answer 63

NOGO-A

Question 64

T or F: mature differentiated neurons divide

Answer 64

F

Question 65

in mammals new nerve cell production is restricted to these 2 areas

Answer 65

1 - olfactory bulb 2 - dentate gyrus of the hippocampus Note: all are interneurons