Exam Three - vision

Question 1

pupil

Answer 1

controls the amount of light available

Question 2

cornea

Answer 2

transmit and focuses light into the eye

Question 3

iris

Answer 3

helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye

Question 4

ciliary muscle

Answer 4

helps focus the lens

Question 5

sclera

Answer 5

white outer coat of the eye

Question 6

vitrous fluid

Answer 6

the clear, gelatinous substance filing the central cavity of the eye

Question 7

lens

Answer 7

focuses light onto the retina

Question 8

retina

Answer 8

senses light and creates electrical impulses

Question 9

macula

Answer 9

area in the retina that contains special light sensitive cells
small area at the center of the retina
a thin layer of light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye

Question 10

fovea

Answer 10

center of the macula, central and sharpest vision

Question 11

optic nerve

Answer 11

carry visual message from the retina to the brain

Question 12

rods respond to

Answer 12

low light

Question 13

cones respond to

Answer 13

different light wavelengths (color)

Question 14

L cones

Answer 14

red

Question 15

M cones

Answer 15

green

Question 16

S cones

Answer 16

blue

Question 17

parasol cell (M cell)

Answer 17

sensitive to low-contrast, black and white stimuli

Question 18

Midget Ganglion cell (P cell)

Answer 18

sensitive to color

Question 19

What is the direction of neural flow layers from outside to inside

Answer 19

pigment epithelium
outer layer (rods and cones)
outer plexiform layer
inner layer (horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells)
inner plexiform layer
ganglion cell layer (parasol and midget gang cells)

Question 20

3 regions of photo receptors are:

Answer 20

outer segment
inner segment
region of synaptic terminals

Question 21

rod cell is ________ in response to light stimulus

Answer 21

hyperpolarized

Question 22

the hyperpolarization of rod cells causes a ____________ in release of glutamate which can depolarize some cells or hyperpolarize others

Answer 22

reduction

Question 23

cones release ________ in the dark and respond to light by__________

Answer 23

glutamate, decreasing glutamate release

Question 24

rods or cones have high concentration in the fovea

Answer 24

cones

Question 25

rods or cones mediate color vision

Answer 25

cones

Question 26

cones have high or low acuity of vision

Answer 26

high

Question 27

loss of _____ causes night blindness and loss of peripheral vision

Answer 27

rods

Question 28

rods or cones have high sensitivity to light

Answer 28

rods

Question 29

rods or cones have a slow response to light stimulus

Answer 29

rods

Question 30

rods or cones are specialized for day vision

Answer 30

cones

Question 31

light falls onto photoreceptors in the ____

Answer 31

retina

Question 32

_______ serves a strategic role in gating information flow to cortex

Answer 32

thalamus (LGN)

Question 33

dorsal pathway is the ______ and ventral pathway is the ________

Answer 33

where, what

Question 34

______ pathway is the primary visual cortex to posterior parietal cortex

Answer 34

dorsal

Question 35

_________ pathway is the primary visual cortex to the inferotemporal xortex

Answer 35

ventral

Question 36

emotion related visual processing has a connection with the _______ route

Answer 36

ventral

Question 37

the ________ in the thalamus is the major target of the retinal ganglion cells

Answer 37

LGN

Question 38

the ________ in the thalamus receives input from both eyes and relays these messages to the primary visual cortex via the optic radiation

Answer 38

LGN

Question 39

The LGN projections reach the ___________ through the optic radiations

Answer 39

primary visual cortex

Question 40

The _______ visual field sweeps around the lateral horn of the ventricle under the temporal lobe (meyers loop)

Answer 40

superior

Question 41

The ________ visual field travels under the cortex of the parietal lobe

Answer 41

inferior

Question 42

primary visual cortex is broadman

Answer 42

17

Question 43

secondary visual cortex is broadman

Answer 43

18, 19

Question 44

scotomas

Answer 44

small visual field deficit

Question 45

anopsias

Answer 45

large visual field deficits

Question 46

nonhomonymous anopsia

Answer 46

visual field deficit that affects opposite halves of both eyes

Question 47

homonymous anopsia

Answer 47

visual field deficits that affect the same part of both eyes

Question 48

miosis

Answer 48

excessive constriction of the pupil, can also be caused by drugs or illness

Question 49

What is the pathway of the pupillary light reflex (constriction)

Answer 49

light on retina, pretectum and Edinger-Westphal, to ciliary ganglion, to pupillary sphincter muscle

Question 50

What would happen to the pupillary reflex if you shine light into the right eye and there is a right optic nerve lesion?

Answer 50

neither pupil will constrict

Question 51

What would happen to the pupillary reflex if you shine light into the right eye and there is a left optic nerve lesion?

Answer 51

both pupils will constrict

Question 52

the accommodation reflex involves these 3 events

Answer 52

- convergence of the eyes - constriction of the pupil - suspensory lig relaxes

Question 53

myopia

Answer 53

nearsighted

Question 54

if you are nearsighted then you have a _______ lens

Answer 54

concave

Question 55

hypermetropia

Answer 55

farsighted

Question 56

if you are farsighted, then you have a __ lens

Answer 56

convex

Question 57

glaucoma

Answer 57

condition that causes damage to they eyes optic nerve and gets worse over time people with diabetes are twice as likely to develop it

Question 58

cataract is

Answer 58

the clouding of the lense

Question 59

cataracts are related to

Answer 59

aging diabetes smoking and alcohol use prolonged exposure to sunlight or bluelight

Question 60

prosopagnosia

Answer 60

face blindness

Question 61

people with prosopagnosia have ________ vision

Answer 61

normal

Question 62

prosopagnosia is associated with a brain injury in the __________--

Answer 62

right fusiform gyrus

Question 63

Adie's pupil is

Answer 63

a prolonged and sluggish contraction of the pupil to light following the pupillary constriction, the dilation is then delayed

Question 64

adie's pupil is associated with pathological changes in the...

Answer 64

ciliary ganglion

Question 65

macular degeneration is...

Answer 65

a progressive loss of vision most common in those older than 55