factors affecting prejudice Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
dispositional factors
A
- personality type
- authotarian personality
- right wing authoritarianism
- social dominance orientation
3
Q
authoritarian personality
A
Adorno et al - proposed prejudice is the result of an individuals personality type
- developed f-scale
- suggested some individuals are predisposed to be highly sensitive to totalitarian and anti democratic ideas
4
Q
f scale
A
f= fascism tested for authoritarian personalities
5
Q
key elements authoritarian personality
A
- belief in prejudice behavior towards those who don’t subscribe to convential thinking / are different
- negative view of people in general
- respect for submission to acknowledge authority
- tendency to project feelings of rage onto a scapegoated group
- ‘them’ and ‘us’ caterogising
- sees own group as superior
6
Q
where does authoritarian personality stem from
A
- harsh/strict upbringing
- they can’t express hostility to parents so displace it onto weaker minorities
7
Q
right wing authoritarianism
A
- focused on 3/9 of adorns original authoritarian traits
8
Q
which of the 3/9 traits does right wing authoritarianism focus on
A
- submission
- aggression
- conventionalism
9
Q
why does right wing authoritarianism focus on these 3 traits
A
they don’t heavily correlate with any of the other 6
10
Q
right wing authoritarianism key features
A
- people in high RWA tend to hold prejudice attitudes towards various groups, e.g women
11
Q
how does rwa personality form
A
- as a consequence of social learning when children are socialized to believe the world is a dangerous place
- develops as a reaction to fear and uncertainty
12
Q
characteristics rwa personality
A
- suspicious and overly hostile to those who seem different
- closed to new experiences
13
Q
social dominance orientation
A
- individuals believe in a social hierarchy and want their own group to dominate over others
14
Q
key features of people with SDO personality
A
- engage in acts which favour dominant groups
- are more accepting of others behavior which discriminate social caterogies
- are more prejudiced towards others
- dismissive of egalitarian policies
- embrace social hierarchies
15
Q
egalitarian
A
inclusive
16
Q
what does the SDO -6 scale assess
A
- SDO: 16 items of pro and contra statements
- participants rate whether they agree or disagree with a statement out of 7
17
Q
5 factors affecting SDO development
A
- member of dominant group are more likely to have sdo personality
- social context
- temperament
- gender
- socialization
18
Q
how does temperament affect SDO
A
it is positively related to coldness, less empathetic personalities
19
Q
how does gender affect SDO
A
it’s more likely in men, they are more likely to embrace inequality
20
Q
how does socialization affect sdo
A
past experiences, poor education could result in high sdo personality
21
Q
authoritarian personality strengths
A
- based in empirical research, e.g f-scale is a questionnaire
- therefore is a scientific objective tool to measure personality
22
Q
f scale description
A
- questionnaire of 30 items covering issues such as :
- obedience
- respect for authority
- aggression towards deviant groups
- ethnocentrism
23
Q
weaknesses authoritarian personality
A
- reductionist, as it’s an explanation of individual personality causing obedience
- requires a social explanation and can’t explain how whole groups can be prejudiced
- this is because it would mean every member of that group had authoritarian personality which is unlikely to
24
Q
- authoritarian personality weaknesses - sample
A
- adorno used f-scale to develop this theory
- limited sample sizes for white middle class californians
- questionable whether theory can be applied to other cultural or socioeconomic groups
- info about childhood was drawn from own recollections and so and so accuracy isnt certain = reducing validity
25
social dominance orientation - strengths - evidence
- Kermmelmeier demonstrated how SDO correlated with discrimination
- lab based experiments
- SDO was associated with perceptions of guilt in a tape trial but only when defendant was black rather than white
- high SDO show anti black bias and found black defendants more guilty
- low SDO show pro black bias finding them more innocent
26
Gaucher Friesen & kay findings
- found some dominant groups may attempt to maintains their dominance by skewing job advertisements
- industries dominated by males such as engineering construct job advertisements that attract other men by describing traits such as headstrong and confident
27
weakness - data SDO
self report
prone to social desirability bias
28
cohrs et al - RWA and SDO
evidence strength
- found both were positively correlated with generalized prejudice
- RWA negatively correlated with openness to experience
- SDO negatively correlated with agreeableness
29
situational factors affecting prejudice
- culture
30
social norms
unwritten rules about what is and isn’t acceptable within specific social groups
31
multi culturaism
show less prejudice and accepts the norms of other cultures in 1 country
32
assimilation
links to more prejudice attitudes, e.g germany
33
what does social identity theory say about social norms
- people conform to the norms of their in group as violations may lead to rejection
- people wish to avoid this as belonging to a group links to self esteem
34
what does realistic conflict theory suggest about competition
- when there are limited resources prejudice occurs
35
resource stress
an issue that occurs when people believe commodities are limited = ingroup feels threatened and so prejudice occurs
36
zero sum
if 1 person gains at the expense of another - provision of 1 group will come at a cost of another - increasing chances of prejudice
37
the norm of intolerance - Baldwin
- states that all cultures are ethnocentric and believe their culture is superior to an extent
38
some cultures have a norm to be more accepting of others, but prentice can still be shown - how
- micro aggressions
- benevolent intolerance
39
micro-aggressions and benevolent intolerance
- groups behave differently towards out groups but justify this as being supportive towards people with a lower status
40
In some cultures outward prejudice is accepted - give an example
- white population in south Africa = racial segregation
- abolished in 1994 but prejudice and discrimination are still overt and widespread
41
fairness
some cultures care more about fairness, not competition which should reduce levels of fairness and discrimination
42
wetherell - replicated Tajifels minimal group experiment in New Zealand - procedure and findings
- used school recordings to determine ethnic origin of 8yr old pps
- found immigrant polynesian children were more generous in out group member point allocation than white classmates
43
individual collectivist continuum
- cultures may differ on this scale
44
collectivist cultures
- rely on cooperation and interdependence = less discrimination
45
individualistic cultures
- behave independently = less discrimination
46
Akrami - evidence social norms procedure
- some pps heard confederate express skepticism that anyone could agree with statement ‘discrimination for women is no longer a problem in Sweden’
47
Akrami - results
- mean levels of sexism were significantly lower for a group who had heard this statement compared to group that hadn’t
- pps who read an article about bleak economic and social future in sweden expressed more prejudice than control
- prejudice can be affected by perceived norms
48
Akrami - comparisons
- found personality variables also had an influence
- rank orders of pps prejudice levels also related to personality
- both situational factors and individual differences determine prejudice
49
Applications - competition /resource stress/zero sum
- targeting zero sun beliefs which lead to prejudice against immigrants (eg)
- effective strategy to reduce prejudice
- however some pps who were high in SDO created more negative attitudes showing a more indirect approach may be needed
50
contact hypothesis - application
- in midst of racial segregation in USA
- Allport suggested contact between different group members can reduce prejudice and inter group conflict improving social relations
- increasing contact also improves relationships between catholics and protestants
- drives initiatives e.g school exchanges
