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a level psychology > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ethical principles

A

consent
confidentiality
right to withdraw
protection from harm
deception
debriefing

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2
Q

what are the 4 ethical guidelines

A

integrity
respect
responsibility
competence

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3
Q

what is consent

A
  • ensuring that the participants give their permission to participate and are aware as to what they are consenting to

(respect)

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4
Q

what is deception ?

A
  • making sure the participants aren’t being lied to, the truth isn’t withheld
  • if some details can’t be shared during the study the participants get a full debrief afterwards

(integrity)

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5
Q

what is the right to withdraw ?

A
  • participants have the right to stop taking part in the study at any time
  • participants should feel comfortable withdrawing and shouldn’t feel pressured to stay
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6
Q

what is debriefing ?

A
  • outlining the purpose of the research, is used to reassure participants
  • if participants want them, contact details of the research team should be given
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7
Q

what is protection from harm ?

A
  • participants should not be exposed to any danger/harm during the study
  • for some studies approval may be needed by an ethics team
  • assistance should be in on hand if support is needed
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8
Q

what is confidentiality ?

A
  • keeping personal information, such as names private
  • not sharing any personal data
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9
Q

what is integrity ?

A
  • psychologists must demonstrate honesty, equal treatment and openness towards participants
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10
Q

why is responsibility important ?

A
  • studies must be carried out professionally and safely
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11
Q

what is respect ?

A
  • respecting the rights to privacy and how the participants are
    feeling
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12
Q

what is competence ?

A
  • having the correct knowledge and skills to be able to carry out a study
  • making sure participants are suitable for a study
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13
Q

what are situational variables ?

A

when participants are affected by the environment they are in

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14
Q

what are participant variables ?

A

the results of the study are affected by participants individual characteristics

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15
Q

what are order effects ?

A

results of a study are improved by the repetition of a task rather than the independent variable

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16
Q

what are experimenter effects ?

A

participants complete an activity differently as they know someone is watching them

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17
Q

what is counterbalancing ?

A

a technique used to control order effects, which involves mixing up the order in which tasks are performed

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18
Q

what are independent measures ?

A

where totally different participants are used across the separate conditions of the experiment

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19
Q

what are repeated measures ?

A

where the same participants take part in all different conditions of the experiment

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20
Q

what are matched pairs ?

A

where participants who are different but have similar characteristics take part in separate conditions

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21
Q

what is the target population ?

A

the type of people experimenters want to participate and find out about

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22
Q

what is internal validity ?

A

if the experiment is well controlled and avoids extraneous variables

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23
Q

what is ecological validity ?

A

if the research takes place in a real world environment

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24
Q

what is predictive validity ?

A

if the study result can accurately predict how someone behaves

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25
what are demand characteristics ?
when participants realise the aim of the experiment and start to behave differently
26
what is a null hypothesis ?
says that the independent variable won't have any effect on the dependent variable
27
what is a 1 tailed hypothesis ?
it predicts exactly how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable
28
what is a 2 tailed hypothesis ?
predicts that the IV will affect the DV but not what that effect will be
29
what is objectivity ?
when the results are purely factual
30
what is reliability ?
getting the same findings after repeating the test again and again
31
what is a lab experiment ?
an experiment which takes place in a carefully controlled environment contain an IV that is manipulated and a DV that is measured Has a standardized process
32
what is a field experiment ?
an experiment which takes place in a natural environment
33
what is a control group ?
a group which acts as a baseline/comparison
34
what is randomisation ?
randomly assigning participants to a particular group
35
what is an experimental hypothesis ?
says the IV will have some kind of effect on the DV
36
what is an independent variable ?
variables which are changed or manipulated by the researcher
37
what is a dependent variable ?
the variable the researcher is measuring; the results
38
what is an extraneous variable ?
variables which affect the dependent variable/results of the study variables which could ruin the validity of research
39
what does operationalising variables mean?
making variables measurable/testable
40
what is a sample ?
a smaller group of people out of the target population who participate
41
what is sampling technique ?
the way people are selected for the experiment
42
what is opportunity sampling ?
participants who are the most convenient to select
43
what is random sampling ?
where participants are randomly selected
44
what is volunteer sampling ?
where participants choose to take part
45
what is stratified sampling ?
participants are representative of the target population
46
Independent measures design - strengths
- Lower risk of demand characteristics - No order effects such as boredom, fatigue, or practice effects - Practically, less cost as same test can be used twice
47
Independent measures design - weaknesses
- Higher risk of participant variables - More participants are needed
48
Repeated measures design - strengths
- No participant variables - Fewer participants are needed
49
Repeated measures design - weaknesses
- Risk of demand characteristics - Risk of order effects; boredom, fatigue and practice effects - Two tests needed which may become an extraneous variable
50
In repeated measures design, what can carrying a task out repeatedly lead to -
- deterioration as pps get tired or bored - improvement due to practice
51
In repeated measures design how can we deal with the risk of order effects
counterbalancing
52
Matched pairs design - strengths
- Participant variables are reduced - No order effects - Less risk of demand characteristics
53
Matched pairs design - weaknesses
- Participants can never be completely matched - Time consuming and expensive - More participants required
54
Lab experiment - strengths
- Most scientific method - manipulation of IV indicates cause and effect - Increases control and accuracy - Often standardised so easy to replicate
55
Lab experiments weaknesses
- Total control over every variable is not possible - Artificial environment = may produce unnatural behaviour which lacks ecological validity - Results may be more biased by sampling, demand characteristics, experimenter expectancy - May be unethical, e.g deception
56
Field experiments - strengths
- Ecologically valid = behaviour occurs in its own natural environment - Less bias from sampling and demand characteristics
57
Field experiments - weaknesses
- More bias from extraneous variables due to lack of control in these experiments - More difficult to replicate - More difficult to accurately record data - Ethical issues, e.g deception
58
natural experiment
IV is changed by natural occurence, researcher just records effects of DV
59
Natural experiment - strengths
- Ecological validity = a natural change, not dictated by experimenter occurs - Very little bias from sampling or demand characteristics
60
Natural experiment - weaknesses
- Hard to interfere cause and effect - due to little control over extraneous variables and no direct manipulation of IV - Impossible to replicate exactly - Ethics = deception, invasion of privacy
61
Lab experiment - evidence
Bandura - - Manipulated IV of exposure to aggression to see if it affected imitation of aggression to children - Children either saw an adult being aggressive to a bobo doll or an adult not being aggressive - number of aggressive acts was noted
62
Field experiment - evidence
Feshback and Singer - - Manipulated IV, exposure to aggression to see what effect it had on imitation of aggression by showing boys in a school either - aggressive television - non aggressive television - conducted over 6 weeks, boys aggression was rated
63
Natural experiment - evidence
Joy et al - - Investigated IV of exposure to aggression to see what effect it had on imitation of aggression in children by measuring aggression levels of children in a Canadian town: - before television was introduced into town - after television was introduced into town
64

a level psychology (48 decks)

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