FE and AB Balance Flashcards
(14 cards)
- _____ = liquids within the human body. These includes blood, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva, nasal fluid, otic fluid, gastric fluid, breast milk.
- _____ = minerals in the body that have an electric charge which are present in the blood, urine and body fluids.
- _____ = the right balance of acidic and basic (alkaline) compounds of the blood to function properly.
Fluids
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance
Body Fluids and Electrolytes
Approximately 60% of the average healthy adult’s weight is water (Primary body fluid).
Water is vital to health and normal cellular function, serving as:
* A medium for metabolic reactions within cells
* A transporter for nutrients, waste products, and
other substances
* A lubricant
* An insulator and shock absorber
* A means of regulating and maintaining body temperature
_____ = substances dissolved in liquid.
*_____= salts that dissolve readily into true solution.
*_____ = substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions.
*_____ = component of a solution that can dissolve a solute.
*_____= concentration of solutes in body fluids, determined by the total solute concentration within a fluid compartment and is measured as parts of solute per kilogram of water.
*_____ = the osmolality of one solution in relation to another solution
Solutes
- Crystalloids
- Colloids
Solvent
Osmolality
Tonicity
Types of Solutions
a. _____ = has the same osmolality as ECF (eg. Normal saline, 0.9% sodium chloride)
b. _____ = have higher osmolality than ECF (eg. 3% sodium chloride)
c. _____ = have lower osmolality than ECF (eg. 0.45% sodium chloride)
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Regulating Body Fluids
- Fluid Intake = average adult drinks about 1,500 ml PER DAY THIRST MECHANISM is the primary regulator of fluid intake.
Thirst Center = hypothalamus
- Fluid Output =FLUID LOSSES from the body counterbalance the intake of fluid.
* Routes of fluid output include:
* Urine
* Feces
* Insensible losses (through the skin as perspiration and through the lungs as water vapour in expired air.
a. _____= the primary regulator of body fluids and electrolyte balance. Electrolyte balance is maintained by selective retention and excretion by the kidneys.
b. Hormones
* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH
* Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) * Atrial Natiuretic Factor (ANF
Kidneys
a. _____ = prevent excessive changes in pH by binding with or releasing hydrogen ions.
They help maintain acid-base balance by neutralizing excess acids or bases
* ACIDOSIS = when pH drops
* ALKALOSIS= when pH rises
b. RESPIRATORY REGULATION
* The lungs help regulate acid-base balance by eliminating or retaining carbon dioxide.
c. RENAL REGULATON
* The kidneys maintain acid-base balance by selectively excreting or conserving bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
Buffers
_____ occur when water and electrolytes are lost (deficit) or gained (excess) in equal proportions, so that the osmolality of body fluids remains constant.
_____ involve the loss (hyperosmolar/dehydration) or gain (hyposmolar/ overhydration) of only water, so that the osmolality of the serum is altered.
ISOTONIC IMBALANCES
OSMOTIC IMBALANCES
Isotonic Imbalances
Fluid volume DEFICIT (FVD)
* occurs when the body LOSES both water and electrolytes from the ECF in similar proportions.
Fluid volume EXCESS (FVE)
* occurs when the body RETAINS both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF.
Osmolar Imbalances
Dehydration
*or a HYPERSMOLAR fluid imbalance, occurs when water is lost from the body, leaving the client with excess sodium.
Overhydration
*or a HYPOSMOLAR fluid imbalance, occurs when water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in low serum osmolality and low serum sodium levels.
Deficient Fluid Volume: Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid. This refers to dehydration, WATER LOSS ALONE WITHOUT CHANGE IN SODIUM.
Excess Fluid Volume: Increased isotonic fluid retention.
Risk for Imbalanced Fluid Volume: At risk for a decrease, increase, or rapid shift from one to the other of intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid. This refers to body fluid loss, gain, or both.
- Risk for _____: At risk for experiencing vascular, cellular, or iNtracellular dehydration.
- _____: Excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolar-capillary membrane.
Deficient Fluid Volume
Impaired Gas Exchange
Fluid intake Modifications
- INCREASED FLUIDS (ordered as “push fluids”) are often prescribed for clients with actual or potential fluid volume deficits arising, diarrhea or mild to moderate fevers.
- RESTRICTED FLUIDS may be necessary for clients who have fluid retention (fluid volume excess) as a result of renal failure, heart failure, SIADH, or other disease processes.
Intravenous Solutions
Isotonic
* often used to restore vascular volume
Hypertonic
*have a greater concentration of solutes than plasma; hypotonic solutions have a lesser concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic
* have a lesser concentration of solutes.
*Fluids with SMALL “crystalizable” particles like NaCl are called _____.
*Fluids with LARGE particles like albumin are called _____, these don’t (quickly) fit through vascular pores, so they stay in the circulation and much smaller amounts can be used for same volume expansion..
crystalloids
colloids
