Perfusion and Oxygenation Flashcards
(11 cards)
- _____= a clear, odourless gas that constitute approximately 21% of the air taken in and is necessary for functioning of all living cells.
- _____ = the process of gas exchange between the individual and the environment.
- _____ = the movement of air in and out of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
Oxygen
Respiration
Ventilation or breathing
*_____ – the expansibility or stretchability of lung tissue.
*_____ – collapse of a portion of the lung.
*_____ – a lipoprotein produced by specialized alveolar cells, acts like detergent, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid.
Lung compliance
Atelectasis
Surfactant
FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
Age
Environment
Lifestyle
Health Status
Stress
Conditions Affecting the Airway
- Upper airway obstruction
- Lower airway obstruction
- Partial obstruction of the upper airway passages
- Complete obstruction
ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
_____ in the nose, pharynx, or larynx—can occur when a foreign object such as food is present, when the tongue falls back into the oropharynx when a person is unconscious, or when secretions collect in the passageways.
_____ involves partial or complete occlusion of the passageways in the bronchi and lungs most often due to increased accumulation of mucus or inflammatory exudate.
_____ indicated by a low-pitched snoring sound during inhalation.
_____ indicated by extreme inspiratory effort that produces no chest movement and an inability to cough or speak.
*Upper airway obstruction
*Lower airway obstruction
*Partial obstruction of the upper airway passages
*Complete obstruction
_____ refers to the rate, volume, rhythm, and relative case or effort of respiration.
Breathing pattern
- _____ – normal respiration; quiet, rhythmic, and effortless
- _____ – rapid respiration; seen with fever, metabolic acidosis, pain and hypoxemia
- _____ – abnormally slow respiratory rate; seen in clients who have taken drugs (morphine or sedatives), who have metabolic alkalosis, or who have increased intracranial pressure (brain injury).
- _____ – absence of any breathing
Eupnea
Tachypnea
Bradypnea
Apnea
- _____ – inadequate alveolar ventilation may be caused by either slow or shallow breathing, or both. May occur because of diseases of the respiratory muscles, drugs, or anesthesia. May lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide (hypercarbia or hypercapnia) or low levels of oxygen (hypoxemia).
- _____ – increased movement of air into and out of the lungs; the rate and depth of respirations increase and more CO2 is eliminated than is produced.
- _____ – a type of hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis. The body blows off acid in the form of CO2.
- _____ – marked rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow with short periods of apnea; commonly caused by chronic diseases, increased intracranial pressure, and drug overdose.
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Kussmaul’s breathing
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
- _____– shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; seen in clients with central nervous system disorders.
- _____ – inability to breathe easily unless sitting upright or standing.
- _____ – difficulty breathing or the feeling of being short of breath (SOB)
Biot’s (cluster) respiration
Orthopnea
Dyspnea
Conditions Affecting Diffusion
Impaired diffusion may affect the level of gases in the blood, particularly oxygen, which does not diffuse as readily as carbon dioxide.
- _____–reduced oxygen levels of gases in the blood, caused by some conditions like pulmonary edema or atelectasis (collapsed alveoli)
- ____ – insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body, result of hypoxemia
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
- _____: Inability to clear secretions or obstructions from the respiratory tract to maintain a clear airway.
- _____: Inspiration and/or expiration that does not provide adequate ventilation.
*_____: Excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolar-capillary membrane.
- _____: Insufficient physiological or psychological energy to endure or complete required or desired daily activities.
Ineffective Airway Clearance
Ineffective Breathing Pattern
Impaired Gas Exchange
Activity Intolerance
