Female Repro Histology

Question 1

What happens to the ovary at menopause

Answer 1

Reduced function - reduced response to pituitary hormones, reduced hormone production

Question 2

Which ligaments stabilise the ovary

Answer 2

Ovarian and suspensory ligaments

Question 3

T/F The follicles are found in the medulla of the ovary

Answer 3

False, they are found in the cortex. Medulla is largely connective tissue and blood vessels

Question 4

What cells are found in the cortical stroma?

Answer 4

highly cellular connective tissue
scattered smooth muscle cells
oocytes

Question 5

Why is there scar tissue at the ovary cortex

Answer 5

scar tissue is made due to ovulation (tear due to oocyte)

Question 6

What layers are found superficial to the ovarian cortex

Answer 6

single layer of epithelium on the outside, followed by tunica albuginea

Question 7

What cells surround the primordial oocyte

Answer 7

squamous follicle cells surrounded by common basal lamina (type IV collagen)

Question 8

T/F Meiosis has already begun in a primordial oocyte

Answer 8

True, it is arrested in the prophase of meiosis 1

Question 9

T/F zona pellucida sits superficial to the follicle cells

Answer 9

False, they sit between the oocyte and the follicle cells

Question 10

Which cell matures into granulosa cell?

Answer 10

follicular cells

Question 11

What’s stratum granulosum

Answer 11

multilayered, cuboidal granulosa cells

Question 12

T/F Theca cells sit superficial to the granulosa cells

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Which cells mature into theca cells?

Answer 13

the outer stromal cells

Question 14

What is the antrum of the secondary oocyte?

Answer 14

it’s a fluid filled cavity that surrounds the oocyte

Question 15

What is the cumulus oophorus

Answer 15

a stalk of granulosa cells that suspend the oocyte in the antrum

Question 16

What is the corona radiata?

Answer 16

granulosa cell layer surround the oocyte after ovulation

Question 17

What is the name given to a mature follicle?

Answer 17

Graafian follicle

Question 18

How is corpus luteum formed?

Answer 18

after ovulation, stromal, granulosa and thecal cells invade the inner cavity and differentiate into luteal cells, forming the CL

Question 19

What is involution

Answer 19

atrophy with time

Question 20

What are the three layers of fallopian tube?

Answer 20

outer serosa, middle smooth muscle muscularis and inner mucosa

Question 21

Why is the fallopian tube epithelium ciliated?

Answer 21

It can beat the peritoneal fluid and move the oocyte

Question 22

How is isthmus structurally different to ampulla

Answer 22

it has more smooth muscle and less mucosal lining

Question 23

How does the oocyte get nutrients when moving down the fallopian tube?

Answer 23

epithelium secrets fluid that provides nutrients

Question 24

What are the three layers of uterine wall?

Answer 24

outer perimetrium
middle myometrium
inner endometrium

Question 25

How many layers of smooth muscle can be found in the myometrium

Answer 25

three: inner and outer longitudinal muscle, with a middle circular layer

Question 26

T/F The thickened wall regress after pregnancy

Answer 26

False, the thickened wall is retained after first pregnancy

Question 27

T/F The entire endometrial is covered by ciliated simple epithelium

Answer 27

False, there are spots of non-ciliated, secretory columnar cells connective to glands

Question 28

How far does the secretory gland extend in the endometrium

Answer 28

penetrates into lamina propria

Question 29

What artery supplies the endometrial mucosa

Answer 29

helical arteries from the myometrium

Question 30

How does the endometrium change microscopically from proliferative to secretory phase

Answer 30

glands enlarge, and secretion accumulates epithelial, stromal and vascular cells proliferate

Question 31

What is the main function of the cervix

Answer 31

acts as a barrier to isolate the fetus to the outside world

Question 32

What are the two parts of the cervix

Answer 32

endocervix | ectocervix

Question 33

What cell type lines the endocervix

Answer 33

simple columnar epithelium | glandular cells

Question 34

Does the endocervix respond to hormone?

Answer 34

yes, the secretion can change its nature. During ovulation, it's watery, while other time it is thick and acts as a plug

Question 35

What cell type lines the ectocervix

Answer 35

stratified squamous cells | non-secretory, non-glandular

Question 36

Which part of the cervix is prone to malignancy

Answer 36

the ectocervix, and it sheds cells and is a layer that's constantly proliferating

Question 37

What cell types line the vagina

Answer 37

stratified squamous with erectile lamina propria

Question 38

T/F The longitudinal uterine muscles extend down to as far as the vagina

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Which glands lubricate the vagina?

Answer 39

cervical glands and glands of vestibule

Question 40

T/F Testosterone cause atrophy of the breast

Answer 40

True, and oestrogen + progesterone stimulate its growth

Question 41

What is a terminal duct lobular unit?

Answer 41

The terminal portion of a lactiferous duct. It's a functional metabolic unit that produces milk

Question 42

What happens to the stromal cells in breast during the luteal phase

Answer 42

they become more columnar with secretion. Fluid will accumulate and cause breast enlargement

Question 43

T/F Myoepithelial cells surround the glands in breast

Answer 43

True, they can squeeze the glands

Question 44

What does breast milk contain?

Answer 44

lipid, carbohydrate, protein, IgA

Question 45

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

Answer 45

Prolactin

Question 46

What signals actively trigger lactation?

Answer 46

suckling and baby's smell/cry, which inhibits prolactin releasing hormone and stimulates release of oxytocin

Question 47

What are the cellular changes in breast during menopause

Answer 47

secretory cells disappear | connective tissue loses elasticity