Flashcards in Female Reproductive Physiology Deck (51):
1
luteal phase
elevated progesterone and low estrogen
secretory endometrium forms
2
follicular phase
FSH elevated
-proliferation of granulosa cells
increased estrogen secretion in follicles
3
theca cells
LH stimulation
form androgens
4
granulosa cells
FSH stimulation
increased aromatase - androgen to estrogen
5
estrogen
acts locally on granulosa cells - increased proliferation and sensitivity to FSH
rising level of estrogens - follicular phase
6
inhibin B
from granulosa cells
inhibits secretion of FSH by pituitary
7
estrogen effect
endometrial cell - increased rate of mitotic divions
cervical mucus thin and watery
8
very high estrogen
no longer inhibit LH and FSH
start positive feedback - LH surge and very high FSH
9
LH surge
induction of ovulation
removed restraint upon meiosis
prophase 1 to metaphase 2
first polar body lost
10
production of progesterone
decreased activity of aromatase and decreased estrogen production
from luteal cells -that were formerly granulosa and theca cells
11
progesterone effect
endometrial to become secretory
thickens cervical mucus
thermogenic - increased body temp
negative feedback on LH
12
menstruation
due to lack of gonadal sex steroids
13
to monitor menstrual cycle
look at sex steroids in urine
14
early follicular phase
low progesterone
low but slowly rising estrogen
15
follicular phase
low progestone and rapidly rising estrogens
16
luteal phase and pregnancy
elevated progesterone
17
potency estrogens
estradiol > estrone > estriol
18
amenorrhea
lack of menstrual bleeding
19
length of follicular phase
more variable
20
increased DHEA
PCOS
21
hirsutism caused by ovarian source of adrenal source
measure DHEA
dexamethasone suppression test
22
most common cause of ovarian androgen excess
PCOS
23
ectopic pregancy
failure of pick up of ovum by fimbrae
24
fertilization
upper end of oviduct
25
first step in infertility evaluation
semen analysis
26
implantation
5-7 days after fertilization
at blastocyst stage
27
hCG
from trophoblast cells of fetus
has LH activity
test for pregnancy
rescues corpus luteum
28
peak of hCG
first three months of pregnancy
29
marker of corpus luteum function
17-hydroxyprogesterone
secreted by CL and not placenta
30
relaxin
from CL
31
third month
placenta secretes enough progesterone and estrogen to maintain uterus
not controlled by hCG anymore
32
placental progesterone secretion limited by
cholesterol delivered by LDL to placenta
33
index of placental function and fetal well being
estriol levels
34
estrogen secretion during pregnancy
involves transfer of steroids from fetal adrenal cortex and fetal liver to placenta
-then to maternal circulation
fetal adrenal cortex - secrete DHEA and DHEAS
fetal liver and placenta - convert these to estrogens - enter maternal circulation
35
hPL
from placenta
-aka hCS
during latter half of pregnancy
actions similar to GH
maternal energy more available to fetus
36
second trimester
pregnancy becomes hyperinsulinemic state with peripheral resistance to metabolic effects of insulin
reserves glucose for fetal needs
mother - FA for energy
modest fasting - ketosis
37
maternal compensation to pregnancy
CV/renal
-CO increases with peripheral resistance decrease
no HTN
BP decline first trimester - then rises
GFR increase and renal threshold decrease
glucose in urine
38
endocrine maternal changes during pregnancy
anterior pituitary enlarges
39
postpartum pituitary necrosis
sheehan
-preced by obstetric hemorrhage
failure to lactate
40
relaxin
from ovary
pubic symphysis, cervix, vagina increased distensibility
41
induce contractions
oxytocin
but normal pregnancy - oxytocin not elevated until fetus enters birth canal
so does not initiate rhythmic uterine contractions characteristic of onset of labor
does cause uterus to contract immediately after fetus expelled - to limit blood flow and loss
42
prostaglandins
act locally on myometrium - contraction
increased with oxytocin
43
dead fetus
increased prostaglandins - initiates contractions - miscarriage
44
induce abortion
prostaglandins
45
mammary tissue grwoth
stimulated by estrogen and progesterone
also need PRL, GH, and cortisol
46
milk synthesis
occurs with high PRL
at birth - estrogen drops - withdraws block on milk synthesis
47
to maintain lactation
suckling necessary
afferent to magnocellular nucleus of hypothalamus
-synthesize oxytocin
oxytocin to post pituitary
-causes contraction of myoepithelial cells
-milk ejection
anterior pituitary - PRL - milk synthesis
48
dopamine
prolactin inhibiting factor
this is inhibited by suckling - allowing PRL secretion to increase
49
suckling
inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH release
follicular growth, estrogen secretion, and menses stop
50
women who doesn't want to breastfeed
high dose
inhibits lactation
51