final days push Flashcards
hyperplastic polyps are _______. they are generally located in ________.
non neoplastic
rectosigmoid area
hamartomatous polyps are generally ________solitary lesions
non neoplastic
adenomatous polyps are __________ and arise through mutations in _____ and _______
neoplastic
APC, KRAS
_______ and ________ are the two histological types of adenomatous polyps. Which one is more likely to be malignant? They usually present with ____________.
tubular and villous
villous has MORE malignant potential (its the villain)
occult bleeding
serrated polyps are _______. They arise via and ___________pathyway with microsatellite instability and mutations in ____________. What pattern is seen in crypts?
premalignant
CpG hypermethylation
BRAF
Sawtooth
what is the order of andenomatous porgression to cancer?
tubular < tubulovillous < villous
cirrhosis is characterized by _________ and _________. Fibrosis is mediated by ___________ from _________ cells that line the sinusoids.
fibrous bands and regenerative nodules of hepatocytes
TGFb, stellate cells
mallory bodies are seen in __________. They are composed of __________
alcohol related hepatitis
damaged intermediate fillaments
early changes of cell damage/ ischemia are characterized by ___________
late/ irreversible changes include ________
cell swelling (think dysfx of ATPase pump),
organelle membrane damage, nuclear damage (pyknosis, karyorexis),
gallbladder adenomacarcinoma
porcelain gallbladder
older woman
chronic inflammation –> gallstones
electrolyte abnormality commonly assoc with acute panc
hypocalcemia
pancreatic pseudocysts are a complication of ________. they are line by ___________, not epithelium.
acute panc
granulation tissue
acronym from VIPoma: WDHA
what does it inhibits? What inhibits VIP
watery diarrhea
hypokalemia
achlorhydria
(due to loss of Cl, takes Na, H2O and K with it)
Inhibits: gastrin
Inhibited by: somatostatin
nerves that go through cavernous sinus.
cs thrombosis presents with?
iii, iv, v1, vi, v2
VI is most susceptible to injury
opthalmoplegia, horners,
fibroadenoma age? fibrocystic change age?
fibroadenoma and < 35, cystic change is > 35
rule of 2s for meckel diverticula
TRUE diverticula 2 inches long 2 feet from ileocecal valve 2x as likely in males 2 types of ectopic tissue (acid secreting, pancreatic)
abd pain that increase with stress and releaved by BM? treat with what?
IBS
loperamide
lungs do hypoxic vasoconstriction through what mechniasm?
increase receptor expression of ENDOTHELIN 1
thats why bosentan works
MLF connects what with what?
IPSILATERAL LR with CONTRA MR
chiari I
downward herniation of cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum
syringomelia compresses CROSSING FIBERS (pain and temp)
gastric erosions are different from ulcers in that?
they penetrate only into the musculoaris mucosa (top layer)
Ulcers can penetrate into submucosa
how does diabetic mononeuropatyh effect CNIII
somatic component on inside, parasymp component on outside
central ischemia causes down and out palsy, but will still be reactive to light
what component of an atherosclerotic plaque forms the fibrous cap? how does it become vulnerable?
VSCM endothelial cells
maturity of plaque causes remodeling of collagenous matrix and leads to VSMC death –> rupture palque
how is action potential effected in myastehnia gravis?
decreased number of N-Ach receptors available –> decreased end plate potential –> more difficult to achive AP
