FINAL Endocrine

Question 1

What acts through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters to cause muscle contraction and glandular secretion?
What acts through chemical messengers that influence growth, development, and metabolic activities?

Answer 1

• Nervous system
• Endocrine System

Question 2

Have ducts that carry their secretory product to the surface

Answer 2

Exocrine glands

Question 3

What are 4 examples of exocrine glands?

Answer 3

• Sweat glands
• Sebaceous glands
• Mammary glands
• Glands that secrete digestive enzymes

Question 4

These glands influence only those cells that have receptor sites for that hormone

Answer 4

endocrine glands

Question 5

Insulin must be administered by injection because protein hormones are difficult to administer orally because they are quickly inactivated by what two things in the stomach?

Answer 5

acid and pepsin

Question 6

What hormones consist of steroids?

Answer 6

Sex hormones and those from the adrenal cortex

Question 7

How hormones exert their action on the body. The specific cells that respond to a given hormone have a receptor sited for that hormone. If the key fits the lock, the door will open. If a hormone fits the receptor site, there will be an effect. If a hormone and a receptor site does not match, then there is no reaction. All the cells that have sites for a given hormone make up the target tissue.

Answer 7

lock-and-key mechanism

Question 8

Stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by promoting protein synthesis. Dramatically affects the appearance of an individual because it influences height.

Answer 8

Growth hormone

Question 9

Causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone.

Answer 9

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 10

Reacts with receptor sites in the cortex of the adrenal gland to stimulate the secretion of cortical hormones, particularly cortisol. Also affects the melanocytes in the sin and increases pigmentation.

Answer 10

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 11

Stimulates the development of eggs or oca in the ovaries and of sperm in the testes. It stimulates estrogen production in the female

Answer 11

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 12

Female: Causes ovulation and the production and secretion of progesterone and estrogen.
Male: Stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce and secrete the male sex hormone testosterone.

Answer 12

Luteinizing hormones (LH)

Question 13

Promotes the development of glandular tissue in the female breast during pregnancy and stimulates milk production after birth of the infant.

Answer 13

Prolactin

Question 14

Promotes the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules, with the result that less water is lost as urine. This mechanism conserves water for the body.

Answer 14

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 15

Causes contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus. It also stimulates the ejection of milk from the lactating breast

Answer 15

Oxytocin

Question 16

The growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), FSH and LH, and prolactin are all secreted by what lobe of the pituitary gland?
The antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin is secreted by which lobe of the pituitary gland?

Answer 16

• anterior lobe of pituitary gland
• posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Question 17

What makes up the thyroid homone

Answer 17

95% thyroxine
5% triiodothyronine

Question 18

Why does the adult thyroid gland enlarge when there is a lack of iodine in the body?

Answer 18

If there is an iodine deficiency, the thyroid cannot make sufficient hormone. This stimulates the thyroid gland to increase in size in a vain attempt to produce more hormone. However, it cannot produce more hormone because it does not have the necessary raw materials, namely, iodine.

Question 19

Help to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the body. They affect most of the cells in the body. Increase the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, enhance protein synthesis, are necessary for normal growth and development, and stimulate the nervous system.

Answer 19

thyroid hormones

Question 20

Reduces the calcium level in the blood

Answer 20

Calcitonin

Question 21

Embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid glands

Answer 21

parathyroid glands

Question 22

The most important regulator of blood calcium levels. Secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and its effect is to increase those levels.

Answer 22

parathyroid hormone

Question 23

Also known as suprarenal glands, they are paired with one gland located near the upper portion of each kidney. The glands are embedded in the fat that surrounds the kidneys.

Answer 23

adrenal glands

Question 24

Secreted by the adrenal glands and help to regulate blood volume and the concentration of mineral electrolytes in the blood.

Answer 24

mineralcorticoids

Question 25

What is the name of the principal mineralocorticoid?

Answer 25

Aldosterone

Question 26

Secreted by the adrenal cortex. Increase blood glucose levels. This helps to maintain appropriate blood glucose levels between meals.

Answer 26

glucocorticoids

Question 27

What is the principal gluccorticoid?

Answer 27

cortisol, also called hydrocortisone

Question 28

What is the name given to the sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 28

Gonadocorticoids

Question 29

What cause the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 29

These two hormones are secreted in response to stimulation by sympathetic nerves, particularly during stressful situations.

Question 30

What effect does he secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the body?

Answer 30

Together cause increase in heart rate, the force of cardiac muscle contraction, and blood pressure. They divert blood supply to the skeletal muscles and decrease the activity of the digestive tract, dilate the bronchioles and increase the breathing rate, and increase the rate of metabolism to provide energy. They prepare the body for strenuous activity.

Question 31

What is the location of the pancreas in relation to the stomach?

Answer 31

Posterior to the stomach

Question 32

What are names of the cells in the pancreas that secrete the following hormones: - Glucagon - Insulin

Answer 32

- a cells - b cells

Question 33

Role in regulating blood glucose levels. The principal action is to raise blood glucose levels in the blood to prevent hypoglycemia from occurring between meals.

Answer 33

glucagon

Question 34

What causes insulin to be secreted?

Answer 34

B cells in the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone insulin in response to a high concentration of glucose in the blood.

Question 35

What decreases the blood glucose concentration?

Answer 35

insulin

Question 36

What are three factors that cause hypoactivity of insulin?

Answer 36

- Insufficient insulin secretion - insufficient receptor sites on target cell membranes - defective receptor sites that do not recognize insulin

Question 37

If blood glucose levels fall to low, what will happen to the nervous system? If blood glucose becomes too high, the kidneys produce large quantities of urine leading what to result?

Answer 37

- will not function properly - dehydration

Question 38

- What are male sex hormones, as a group? - What structure secretes testosterone?

Answer 38

- androgens - testes

Question 39

Acts in the growth and development of the male reproductive structures, increased skeletal and muscular growth, enlargement of he larynx accompanied by voice changes, growth and distribution of body hair, and increased male sexual drive.

Answer 39

testosterone at onset of puberty

Question 40

Acts in the development of breasts, distribution of fat evidenced in the hips, legs, and breasts. Maturation of reproductive organs. What two hormones are involved in this for women at onset of puberty? Both are responsible for changes that occur to uterus during female menstrual cycle. - What causes uterine lining to thicken in preparation for pregnancy?

Answer 40

- estrogen and progesterone - progesterone

Question 41

Has a regulatory role in sexual and reproductive development. Acts on the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which then inhibits gonadal development. The organization and regulation of circadian rhythms.

Answer 41

melatonin secreted by adrenal gland

Question 42

Assists in the development of certain blood cells that help to protect the body against foreign organisms. Play an important role in the body’s immune mechanism.

Answer 42

Thymus gland