FINAL Reproductive Flashcards by Katelyn Odom

True or False?
Gonads include egg and sperm cells.

False

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True or False?
The head of sperm contains 46 chromosomes

True

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True or False?
Sperm are propelled through the ductus deferens by peristalsis.

True

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True or False?
- The prostate gland encircles the urethra.
- Th scrotum is a pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that contains the testes.

True

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True or False?
The process of egg formation is known as oogenesis

True

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True or False?
- Fertilization usually takes place in the uterus
- The stratum functionale of the endometrium is shed from the uterine wall during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

False

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True or False?
- The bulk of the uterine wall is made up of myometrium.
- The interstitial cells in the testes produces male sex hormones.

True

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True or False?
- The cessation of the female reproductive cycle is known as menarche.
- Fimbriae help propel sperm through the uterus.
- If fertilization does not take place, the corpus luteum continues to grow and enlarge.

False

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True or False?
- Spermatogonia divide by mitosis
- The epididymis is a tightly coiled tube in which sperm completes the maturation process.
- The growth of the ovarian follicle occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

True

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True or False?
- The epididymis secretes a fluid containing fructose to provide energy for sperm.
- Ejaculation is the forceful discharge of semen into the urethra.

False

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True or False?
- In the female, LH is responsible for stimulating the growth and thickening of the endometrium.
True or False?
The upper bulging surface of the uterus is called the fundus.

False
True

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What is another name for the primary reproductive organs?
What is the name for egg and sperm cells?

Gonads
Gametes

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Testes are located outside of abdominal cavity because this location provides a temperature of about how many degrees celsius below normal body temperature necessary for the production of viable sperm?

3 degrees Celsius

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Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue, contains the testes, is the vertical septum of subcutaneous tissue, and divides in two parts each containing one testis

Scrotum

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What is the white fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis?
What partitions each testis into lobules, 250 lobules in each testis?
What are tightly coiled tubules located in the lobules that converge to form a single straight tubule and leads in the rete testis?

Tunica albuginea
Septa
Seminiferous tubules

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Where does spermatogenesis take place?

Seminiferous tubules

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Immatures cells that remain dormant until puberty and are located around periphery of seminiferous tubules. They are diploid cells, meaning that they contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) and at puberty hormones stimulate cells to begin dividing by mitosis. Some daughter cells produced by mitosis remain at the periphery as spermatogonia. Others are pushed toward lumen and become primary spermatocytes (are diploid and have 46 chromosomes).

Spermatogonia

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How many spermatids are eventually produced by each primary spermatocyte?

four spermatids

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Number of chromosomes in head of sperm are what?

Contain 23 chromosomes

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Located at the tip of the head and is covered by this. Contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate female gamete.

Acrosome

What part of the mature sperm cell contains mitochondria that provides ATP energy for the sperm?
What part of the mature sperm cell is the locomotor region that consists of flagellum?

Midpiece
Tail

What is the time it takes for mature sperm to be produced (starting with primary spermatocyte? Sperm can live in a females reproductive tract for up to how many hours?

74 days and 48 hrs

Series of ducts that sperm pass through to reach outside of body from testes:

Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.

Sperm leaves the testes through a series of ducts that enter here. When the sperm leaves the testes, they are immature and incapable of fertilizing ova. Sperm complete maturation process and become fertile as they move through here. Mature sperm are stored in the lower portion of this.

Epididymis

The two ducts that combine to form ejaculatory duct. Each joins duct from the adjacent seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct.

duct deferens

What is the opening of the penis to the outside? What secretes a fluid that is viscous and contains fructose (which provides an energy source for the spermatozoa? What is the structure the prostate gland encircles?

- urethral orifice - seminal vesicles - urethra

Fluid secreted by this specific gland neutralize the acidity of the urine residue in urethra, helps neutralize acidity of the vagina, and provides lubrication for tip of penis during intercourse

bulbourethral glands

Semen consists of a slightly alkaline pH of what? What is the number of sperm contained in each mililiter of semen?

- 7.5 - 50-150 million

What are the three parts of the penis? What is the loos fold of skin that covers the glans penis?

Root, body, glans penis - Prepuce

Level is reached that promotes a surge of impulses to genital organs. Stimulate rhythmic contractions of epididymis, vasa differentia, and ejaculatory ducts. Cause contractions of accessory glands, which result in this: forceful discharge of semen into urethra. What is this? What immediately follows emission and is the forceful expulsion of semen from urethra to the exterior?

- Emission - Ejaculation

When does puberty begin and when does it last until?

Begins: 10-12 Ends: 16-18

What causes the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH? What hormone in male promotes growth of interstitial cells in testes and stimulates them to secrete testosterone? What hormones are responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?

- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - LH - FSH and testosterone

Ovaries are located in shallow depressions known as what?

ovarian fossae

What is the dense connective tissue capsule under the epithelium of the ovaries? What of the ovary has numerous ovarian follicles and each of the follicles contains oocytes? What is the female germ cell?

- Tunica albuginea - Cortex - Oocyte

Female sex cells develop in the ovaries by this form of meiosis. The timing and final results are different than spermatogenesis. Egg formation process. What is this? - How many chromosomes are present in primary oocytes? - Primary oocytes present when a female infant s born i how many?

- Oogenesis - 46 chromosomes - 700,000

Glandular structure that secretes progesterone and estrogen. Remains functional for about 10 days, begin to degenerate into a corpus albicans when fertilization doesn't take place. If fertilization takes place, it persists persists and continues to secrete hormones until the placenta develops to secrete necessary hormones. Ultimately degenerates into a corpus albicans.

Corpus luteum

When the oocyte enters the peritoneal cavity before it enters the uterine tube. At time of ovulation, what increases their activity and creates currents in the peritoneal fluid that helps propel the oocyte into the uterine tube? Once inside, the oocyte is moved along by the rhythmic beating of cilia on the epithelial lining and by the peristaltic action of the smooth muscle in the wall of the tube.

fimbriae

How long does oocyte take to move through fallopian tube? Where does fertilization occur?

- about 7 days - in uterine tube, also known as fallopian tube

Parts of the Uterus: - What is the upper, bulging surface of the uterus? - What is the large main portion of the uterus? - What is the lower narrow region of the uterus that projects into the vagina? - What is the opening of the uterus between the body and cervix? - What is the opening of the uterus from the cervix into the vagina?

- Fundus - Body - Cervix - Internal os - External os

- What is the outer serous layer of the wall of the uterus? - What is the thick middle layer, consists of smooth muscle and makes up bulk of uterine wall - What is the inner layer that consists of mucous membrane and of the stratum functionale (soughed off during menstruation) and stratum basale (provide materials to rebuild stratum functionale after menstruation)?

- Perimetrium - Myometrium - Endometrium

What are Two large fat-filled folds of skin that encloses the other external genitalia? What is the rounded elevation of fat that overlies the pubic symphysis? What are two smaller folds of skin medial to the labia majora?

- Labia majora - Mons pubis - Labia minora

What is the area between the two labia minora? What is a small mass of erectile tissue located at anterior end of vestibule. Becomes erect in response to sexual stimulation? What opens into vestibule on each side of urethral orifice. Secrete mucus? What opens into vestibule next to vaginal orifice. Produce mucous-like secretion and provides lubrication during sexual intercourse?

- Vestibule - Clitoris - Paraurethral glands - Greater vestibular glands

What happens to the follicle during each phase of the ovarian cycle? Identify what phases each scenarios comes from. - As follicles enlarge, estrogen secretion by follicle cells increases and follicle continues to grow and mature until middle of the cycle. - High levels of estrogen secreted by mature follicle cells stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete the increased amount of LH. Surge of LH stimulates resumption of meiosis in oocyte and causes rupture of mature (graafian) follicle and oocyte release into peritoneal cavity. - Surge of LH stimulates development of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and some estrogen. FSH and LH levels decline and as LH levels decline, corpus luteum activity declines and ovarian cycle starts over.

- Follicular phase - Ovulatory phase - Luteal phase

What hormones are responsible for the following? - Growth of ovarian follicle - Estrogen production by the ovaries - Rupture of mature follicle out of the ovary - Stimulation of the corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone

- FSH - FSH - LH - LH

Changes that take place to the endometrium of the uterus each month.

Menstrual cycle

What happens to the endometrium of the uterus during the following phases of the menstrual cycle? Identify each phase for each scenario: - Detaches from uterine wall, passes through the vagina causing menstrual flow and during this time, follicles are growing in the ovary. The outer layer of the endometrium enlarges to provide support for the fertilized ovum, and it is shed as menstrual bleeding if fertilization does not occur. - Estrogen stimulates growth and repair of the endometrium, and as result it thickens - Progesterone stimulates continued growth and thickening of endometrium.

- Menstrual phase - Proliferative phase - Secretory phase

How many lobes of glandular tissue does each breast contain? - What determines the size and shape of each breast? What collects milk from the lobules and carry it to the nipple. Enlarges and forms a lactiferous sinus and serves as a reservoir for milk?

- 15-20 in each breast - Adipose tissue - lactiferous ducts

- What stimulates production of milk within the glandular tissue? - What causes ejection of milk from the glands?

- Prolactin - Oxytocin