FINAL Muscular

Question 1

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 1

• Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Question 2

Skeletal muscle makes up what percentage of body weight and how many skeletal muscles are there?

Answer 2

• 40%
• more than 600

Question 3

• What is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus from the nervous system?
• What is the ability to shorten or contract to produce movement?
• This is the process of skeletal muscle involving ability to stretch and extend. What is this?
• What is the capacity to recoil or return to the original shape and length after contraction or extension?

Answer 3

• Excitability
• Contractibility
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

Question 4

What four functions are provided to the body by muscle contractions?

Answer 4

• movement
• posture
• joint stability
• heat production

Question 5

Connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle

Answer 5

Epimysium

Question 6

Connective tissue outside the epimysium. Surrounds and separates the muscles

Answer 6

Fascia

Question 7

Bundle of muscle fibers

Answer 7

Fasciculus

Question 8

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds a fasciculus

Answer 8

Perimysium

Question 9

Each individual muscle cell

Answer 9

Muscle fiber

Question 10

Connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber

Answer 10

Endomysium

Question 11

What is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber (cell)?
What is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber (cell)?

Answer 11

• Sarcolemma
• Sarcoplasm

Question 12

Fibers of the epimysium fuse directly with the periosteum of a bone.

Answer 12

Direct attachment

Question 13

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the belly of the muscle to form a thick, ropelike tendon or a broad, flat, sheetlike aponeurosis

Answer 13

Indirect attachment

Question 14

What is the name of the nerve cell that stimulates a skeletal muscle to contract?

Answer 14

Motor neuron

Question 15

Single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates.

Answer 15

Motor unit

Question 16

Region in which an axon terminal meets a muscle fiber

Answer 16

neuromuscular junction

Question 17

Fluid filled space between the axon terminal and sarcolemma

Answer 17

synaptic cleft

Question 18

What is the name of the neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contractions?
Where is the neurotransmitter housed before being released?

Answer 18

• Acetylcholine (Ach)
• contained within synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal

Question 19

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches its axon terminal?

Answer 19

Ach is released. Diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds with the receptor sites on the sarcolemma, this reaction is the stimulus for contraction, and the stimulus cause a response

Question 20

What inactivates acetylcholine?

Answer 20

acetylcholinesterase

Question 21

The source of energy for muscle contraction

Answer 21

ATP

Question 22

A high-energy compound stored in muscles. Provides an instantaneous transfer of its energy. Provides a phosphate group to ADP molecules to regenerate ATP.

Answer 22

Creatine phosphate

Question 23

What are the primary energy sources for muscles that are actively contracting for extended periods of time?

Answer 23

fatty acids and glucose

Question 24

What must b available for aerobic respiration to occur?

Answer 24

fatty acid and glucose

Question 25

What are the product of aerobic respiration?

Answer 25

carbon dioxide, water, and large amounts of ATP

Question 26

What occurs when the muscles are contracting vigorously for long periods of time?

Answer 26

Myoglobin and circulatory system are unable to deliver oxygen fast enough to maintain aerobic pathways. Processes that do not require oxygen are necessary.

Question 27

How does the body produce energy when it runs out of oxygen?

Answer 27

Most lactic acid diffuses out of muscle and into the bloodstream taken to the liver. Anaerobic respiration is a method of producing energy that does not require oxygen and the body relies heavily on this for vigorous activity.

Question 28

What happens when there is a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles?

Answer 28

Causes temporary muscle pain and cramping. ATP and creatine phosphate in the muscle are depleted and need to be replenished. Additional oxygen needed to convert lactic acid into glycogen.

Question 29

The additional oxygen required after physical activity to restore resting conditions. Paid back by labored breathing that continues after the activity has stopped.

Answer 29

Oxygen debt

Question 30

Means to bend. Usually brings two bones closer together and decreases the angle between them. Ex: bending the elbow of the knee

Answer 30

Flexion

Question 31

Means to straighten. Is the opposite of flexion. Increases the angle between the two bones. Ex: Straightening the elbow or the knee after it has been flexed

Answer 31

Extension

Question 32

Occurs when a part of the body is extended beyond the anatomical position. The joint angle becomes greater than 180 degrees. Ex: Moving the head backward

Answer 32

Hyperextension

Question 33

Flexion of the ankle in which the dorsum or top of the foot is lifted upward, decreasing the angle between the foot and leg. Ex: Standing on your heels

Answer 33

Dorsiflexion

Question 34

Is movement at the ankle that increases the angle between the foot and leg.. Ex. Standing on your toes

Answer 34

Plantar flexion

Question 35

Means to take away. Moves a bone or limb away from the midline or axis of the body. The outward movement of the legs in “jumping jacks,” moving the arms away from the body, or spreading the fingers apart.

Answer 35

Abduction

Question 36

Means to bring together. Is the opposite of abduction. It moves a bone or limb toward the midline of the body. Ex: Bringing the arms back to the sides of the body after they have ben abducted or moving the legs back to anatomical position after abduction.

Answer 36

Adduction

Question 37

Is the movement of a bone around its own axis in a pivot joint. Ex: shaking your head "no"

Answer 37

Rotation

Question 38

A specialized rotation of the forearm that turns the palm of the hand forward anteriorly. Ex: If the elbow is flexed, supination turns the palm of the hand upward or superiorly

Answer 38

Supination

Question 39

The opposite of supination. Is a specialized rotation of the forearm that turns the palm of the hand backward or posteriorly. Ex: If the elbow is flexed, pronation turns the palm of the hand downward or inferiorly.

Answer 39

Pronation

Question 40

The conelike, circular movement of a body segment. The proximal end of the segment remains relatively stationary while the distal end outlines a large circle. Ex: The movement of the arm at the shoulder joint, with the elbow extended, so that the tips of the fingers move in a large circle.

Answer 40

Circumduction

Question 41

The movement of body part (foot) going inward or medially. Ex: the sol of the foot moving inward or medially

Answer 41

Inversion

Question 42

The opposite of inversion. Movement of body part (foot) moving outward or laterally. Ex: The movement of the sole of the foot outward or laterally.

Answer 42

Eversion

Question 43

What is the flat muscle that covers the forehead? What muscle is used to close the mouth, form words, and pucker the lips? What muscle is used to wink, blink, and squint? What muscle is used to raise the corner of the mouth when smiling?

Answer 43

- Frontalis - Orbicularis oris - Orbicularis oculi - Zygomaticus

Question 44

What muscle flexes and rotates the head. In the neck, this muscle ascends obliquely from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone? What muscle extends head and moves the scapula. It can move the head back and also can raise the shoulder blades allowing us to shrug our shoulders?

Answer 44

- Sternocleidomastoid - Trapezius

Question 45

What muscles located in the trunk are responsible for maintaining posture?

Answer 45

erector spinae

Question 46

Red fibers contains this. Iron-containing in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. Gives muscles its red color.

Answer 46

myoglobin

Question 47

What is the function of intercostal muscles?

Answer 47

process of breathing

Question 48

Forms a partition between the thorax and abdomen. Separates the thorax from the abdomen. Responsible for major movement in thoracic cavity during quiet, relaxing breathing.

Answer 48

Diaphragm

Question 49

What are the four muscle pairs that make up the wall of the abdomen?

Answer 49

external obliques, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis

Question 50

What originates at the sternum, clavicle, and ribs, and it inserts into the humerus? What is the large flat muscle of the lower back that inserts in the upper arm?

Answer 50

- pectoralis major - latissimus dorsi

Question 51

- What is the name of the muscle in the arm that is used for administering an intramuscular injection? - What muscle is responsible for extending the forearm - What muscle is responsible for flexing the forearm?

Answer 51

- Deltoid - Triceps brachii - Biceps brachii

Question 52

What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 52

- vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris

Question 53

Muscles that move the leg. These muscles are the primary extensors of the leg, straightening the leg at the knee.

Answer 53

quadriceps femoris

Question 54

- What muscles are used to flex the leg? - What muscles allow an individual to stand on his or her tiptoes? - What is another name for the calcaneal tendon? - What are the 2 best deterrents to prevent the loss of muscle mas and strength as an individual changes?

Answer 54

- Hamstrings - Gastrocnemius and soleus - Achilles tendon - physical activity and good nutrition