Integumentary System

Question 1

Includes glands, hair, nails, and other structures that are derived from it. Sometimes called the cutaneous membrane. Consists of epidermis and dermis. Anchored to underlying structures by subcutaneous tissue

Answer 1

Skin

Question 2

Outer layer of skin

Answer 2

Epidermis

Question 3

Inner layer of skin

Answer 3

Dermis

Question 4

Consists of stratified squamous epithelium. No blood vessels present. Cells receive nutrients by diffusion from vessels in the underlying tissue. Cells on the bottom actively grow and divide.

Answer 4

Epidermis

Question 5

Cells are pushed upward. Receive fewer nutrients. Undergo keratinization. By the time the cells reach the surface, they are flat (squamous) and dead. Cells are sloughed off and replaced by other cells.

Answer 5

Epidermis

Question 6

A substance deposited in the cell that hardens the cell. Keratin is deposited in the cell and cell changes shape. This occurs when skin cells are pushed towards the outer surface.
As cells are pushed upward, they take on different appearances and characteristics

Answer 6

Keratinization

Question 7

Thick skin (soles of feet and palms of hand)

Answer 7

Five regions (strata) of cells

Question 8

Skin that covers the rest of the body

Answer 8

Four strata

Question 9

Consists of activity dividing columnar cells and melanocytes (produce melanin)

Answer 9

Stratum basale

Question 10

Consists of several layers of cells with spiny processes.

Answer 10

Stratum spinosum

Question 11

The stratum spinosum layer combined with the stratum basal is called the what?

Answer 11

stratum germinativum

Question 12

Thin region consisting of two or three layers of flattened cells. Keratinization begins in this layer.

Answer 12

Stratum granulosum

Question 13

Translucent band consisting of a few layers of flattened, anucleate cells. Present only in thick skin.

Answer 13

stratum lucidum

Question 14

Outermost region. Makes up 3/4 of the epidermal thickness. Consists of 20-30 layers of flattened, dead, keratinized cells. Cells are continually shed and replaced. Keratin present is tough, water-repellent (which provides protection against water loss)

Answer 14

Stratum corneum

Question 15

Dense connective tissue. Contains hair nails, and certain glands. Contains both collagenous and elastic fibers (which provide strength and elasticity). If skin is overstretched the dermis may be damaged. Leaves white scars.

Answer 15

Dermis

Question 16

If skin is overstretched the dermis may be damages. Leaves white scars or “stretch marks” also known as what?

Answer 16

striae

Question 17

Present in the dermis. Detect changes in the environment, such as heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch

Answer 17

Sensory receptors

Question 18

Upper layer of the dermis. Contains numerous papillae (projections) that extend into the epidermis.

Answer 18

Papillary layer

Question 19

Projections that form distinct patterns on the palms, fingertips, and soles of feet

Answer 19

Papillae

Question 20

Layer of the dermis. Deeper and thicker than papillary layer

Answer 20

Reticular layer

Question 21

Not actually part of the skin. Loosely anchors skin to underlying organs. Consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. Functions: Cushions underlying organs. Heat insulator in temperature regulation. Provides energy when necessary.

Answer 21

Subcutaneous Layer

Question 22

What is the subcutaneous layer also known as? (2)

Answer 22

• Hypodermis
• Superficial fascia

Question 23

Responsible for skin color. Produced by melanocytes (located in stratum basale). Everyone has the SAME number of melanocytes. Activity of the melanocytes is genetically and physiologically controlled. What is this?
Large number of these granules results in what?
Fewer results in what?

Answer 23

Melanin
- darker skin
- lighter skin

Question 24

Inability to produce melanin results in this. Very light skin, white hair, and unpigmented irises in the eyes.

Answer 24

Albinism

Question 25

What increases melanocyte activity making more melanin more produced and skin become darker and tanned?

Answer 25

Ultraviolet light

Question 26

Yellowish pigment. Som epeople have this in addition to melanin. Causes yellow tint to skin. What is this? What tint is due to blood vessels in the dermis?

Answer 26

- Carotene - Pinkish tint

Question 27

Derived from the stratum basal of epidermis. Embedded in the reticular layer of dermis.

Answer 27

Epidermal Derivatives

Question 28

Where is hair absent on the body? (3) What is hair composed of?

Answer 28

- Palms of the hands, soles of the feet, lips - Dead, keratinized epithelial cells

Question 29

Portion that extends beyond the surface of the epidermis.

Answer 29

Shaft

Question 30

Portion that is below the surface of the skin. Enclosed in a hair follicle(extends through epidermis and embedded in dermis)

Answer 30

Root

Question 31

Central core of the hair

Answer 31

Medulla

Question 32

Several layers of cells surrounding medulla

Answer 32

Cortex

Question 33

Outermost covering of the hair. Consists of a single layer of overlapping, keratinized cells.

Answer 33

Cuticle

Question 34

Produces hair.

Answer 34

Hair follicle

Question 35

Encloses root of hair. What is this? Contain blood supply of hair bulb. What is this? What provides mitotic cells that produce the hair?

Answer 35

- Hair bulb - Papilla of dermis - Single layer of stratum basale cells

Question 36

Determined by type of melanin produced by melanocytes (in stratum basale) - Yellow brown, and black pigments: Present in varying proportions to produce different hair colors - With age: Melanocytes become less active - Hair in which melanin is replaced with air bubbles is white

Answer 36

Hair color

Question 37

Attached to hair follicles Contraction: Causes the hair to “stand on end” and “goose bumps” Action is controlled by nervous system in response to cold and fright

Answer 37

Arrector pili muscle

Question 38

Thin plates of dead stratum corneum. Contain a very hard type of keratin. What is this? What is the visual portion of the nail? What is covered with skin? What is the fold of the stratum corneum that grows onto proximal portion of nail body?

Answer 38

- Nails - Nail body - Nail root - Eponychium or cuticle

Question 39

- What is formed by stratum basale growing under nail body? - What is responsible for nail growth? - What is the portion of the ody over the matrix that is the whitish, crescent-shaped area? - Nails appear pink due to its rich supply of what in underlying dermis?

Answer 39

- Nail bed - Nail matrix - Lunula - blood vessels

Question 40

Generally associated with hair follicles. Found in all areas of the body that have hair. Those not associated with hair follicles open directly onto surface of skin. Have sebum (oily secretion from this) that keeps hair and skin soft and pliable. Inhibits growth of bacteria on skin. Helps prevent water loss.

Answer 40

Sebaceous glands

Question 41

Widely distributed over the body. Except for lips, nipples, and part of the externa genitalia. Most numerous on palms and soles

Answer 41

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

Question 42

Are most numerous and widely distributed. Coiled tub embedded in the dermis. Duct opens onto surface of the skin through a sweat pore. Secretion (primarily water with a few salts). When the body's temperature increases, glands produce sweat (perspiration) cooling effect on the body.

Answer 42

Merocrine sweat glands

Question 43

Larger than merocrine glands. Located in axillae and external genitalia. Ducts open into hair follicles in these regions. Secretion (consists of water, salts, and organic compounds like fatty acids and proteins). Become active at puberty. Stimulated by nervous system in response to pain, emotional stress, sexual arousal. Secretion is broken down by bacteria which can cause body odor.

Answer 43

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 44

Modified sweat glands found in the external auditory (ear) canal. Secrete an oily, sticky substance (cerumen/earwax) which repels insects and traps foreign material.

Answer 44

Ceruminous Glands

Question 45

What is the function of the skin?

Answer 45

protection

Question 46

- What waterproofs the cells and helps prevent fluid loss from the body? - Oily secretions of sebaceous glands are what? Inhibiting bacterial growth on skin. - What is the first line of defense against invading organisms? - What absorbs light and helps protect underlying tissues from the damaging effects of ultraviolet light and protects underlying tissues from mechanical, chemical, and thermal injury?

Answer 46

- Keratin in the cells - acidic - unbroken skin - Melanin

Question 47

What relays information about the environment to the brain so changes can be made to prevent or minimize injury? Also a means of communication between individuals.

Answer 47

Sensory Reception

Question 48

When there is excess heat in the body, small arteries in where dilate and brings the heat to the surface where it can escape into the surrounding air? This causes sweat glands to become active and sweat evaporates to provide cooling of the body.

Answer 48

dermis

Question 49

If body temperature falls below normal, what happens to sweat glands and blood vessels reducing the amount of heat transferred from deeper tissues to surface?

Answer 49

- Sweat glands: become inactive - Blood vessels in skin constrict

Question 50

Required for absorption of calcium and phosphorous. Essential for normal bone metabolism and muscle function. - Skin cells contain a precursor molecule and is converted to vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet rays of sun

Answer 50

Vitamin D