Flashcards in Final exam Deck (194)
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121
The outermost layer of the pleura is referred to as the
parietal pleura
122
Which of the following is not a mediastinal structure?
Thymus gland
Esophagus
Trachea
Epiglottis
Epiglottis
123
What is body habitus?
Refers to the common variations in the shape of the human body. It is based on a 1917 study by WR Mills of 1000 patients.
124
How is body habitus used in radiology?
Body habitus determines size, shape, and position of organs in thoracic & abdominal cavities.
125
Body habitus directly affects the location of which organs?
Heart, lungs, Diaphragm, Stomach, Large intestine, Gallbladder.
126
What are the four types of body habitus?
Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Asthenic
Hypersthenic
127
What does one need to keep in mind when taking an image of a hypersthenic person?
Massive build, thorax is broad side to side, thorax is deep front to back, and thorax has shallow vertical dimensions.
128
What does on need to keep in mind when taking an image of an asthenic person?
Slender build, thorax narrow from side to side, thorax shallow from front to back, thorax is very long in vertical dimension.
129
During inspiration, the thoracic cavity increases in what three dimensions?
Vertical diameter (Diaphragm moves downward and increases thoracic volume.), transverse diameter (diameter ribs swing outward and upward) anterioposterior diameter by raising the ribs; especially ribs 2-6.
130
How many ribs should one see on a good PA chest radiograph?
a minimum of 10.
131
How is a patient prepped for a radiograph?
Removal of opaque objects, clothing artifacts, long hair fasteners, and O2 lines and pacemaker leads not in lung fields.
132
The higher the kVp, the more:
Greys.
133
Technical factors for a chest x-ray (concerning kV):
kVp between 110-125 demonstrates many shades of grey needed to visualize lung markings. Low contrast, long scale contrast, and high kV requires use of grids.
134
Technical factors for a chest x-ray (concerning mAs):
High mA & short exposure times reduces motion. *Sufficient mAs is needed to provide optimum density of lungs and mediastinal structures.*
135
Optimal density for a chest x-ray:
Able to see faint outlines of at least mid and upper vertebrae and posterior ribs through the heart and other mediastinal structures.
136
Placement of film markers on a chest x-ray:
Top lefthand corner. "L"
137
Pediatric Applications for chest xray. Newborns:
AP supine or dorsal decubitus.
138
Pediatric Applications for chest xray. When child can support own head:
Erect PA and laterals. Use Pigg-o-Stat.
139
Technical factors for pediatric chest xray:
Lower kVp 60-70, less mAs, shortest exposure time possible (to reduce motion.)
140
Geriatric applications for a chest xray: CR location:
A little higher CR location may be required because older patients have less inhalation capacity (center around T6-T7).
141
Common geriatric pathologic conditions of chest are:
pneumonia and emphysema.
142
Pneumonia:
inflammation of lungs resulting in an accumulation of fluid within certain sections of the lung creating increased radiodensities in these regions. Generally requires some increase in exposure factors to penetrate and visualize these areas.
143
Emphysema:
Alveoli become enlarged because of alveolar wall destruction and loss of elasticity. Air tends not to be expelled during exertion. Causes: smoking and long term dust inhalation. Radiographically evident by increased lung dimension. Lung fields radiolucent. Requires decrease in exposure factors from normal chest.
144
Instructions on patient handling for geriatric patients:
More care, time, and patience is frequently required in explaining breathing and positioning requirements. Helping and supporting theses patients in the positioning process is important. Arm supports for lateral projection.
145
Breathing instructions:
Hold breath on second "full" inspiration. Not "deep," which will cause distortion.
146
Indications for full inspiration and full expiration comparison radiographs:
small pneumothorax
fixation or lack of movement of diaphragm
presence of foreign body
distinguish between opacity in rib or lung
atelectasis
147
Atelectasis:
A condition in which collapse of all or portion of a lung occurs as a result of an obstruction or the bronchus, or a puncture of an air passageway. With less than normal air in the lung, this region appears more radiodense and may cause the trachea and heart to shit to the affected side.
148
Reason for erect chest position:
*Allows diaphragm to move down farther.
*Demonstrates air-fluid levels (Minimum of 5 mins allows fluid to settle or air to rise).
*Prevents engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels.
149
Minimum SID for erect chest position:
72 inches to minimize heart magnification of heart and to obtain greater recorded detail of the delicate lung structures.
150
