Final Exam Studying Flashcards
1
Q
Chitons are ___
A
Molluscs
2
Q
What is the difference between ectoderm and endoderm?
A
Ectoderm has germ layer covering embryo’s surface; maintains body temperature based on outside temperatures, like snakes. Endoderm has a germ layer inside that lines the digestive tube; maintains body temperatures internally, like mammals
3
Q
Is a centipede a herbivore or a carnivor?
A
A centipede is a carnivor
4
Q
What is the basic body plan of a cnidarian?
A
A sac with a central digestive compartment (the gastrovascular cavity)
5
Q
What is the difference between diploblastic and triplaoblastic?
A
Diploblastic are made of endoderm and ectoderm. Triplaoblastic are made of endoderm, ectoderm, and also have mesoderm
6
Q
What is the lancelet?
A
Chordate
7
Q
What are the two types of symmetry?
A
Radial and bilateral
8
Q
Name an animal that breathes through positive pressure
A
Frogs
9
Q
What is special about Ecdysozoan?
A
They molt
10
Q
What animal does not undergo complete metamorphosis?
A
Grasshopper
11
Q
What kind of vascular system do echinoderms have?
A
Water Vascular system
12
Q
List two differences between protostomes and deuterostomes
A
In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate. In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
13
Q
What are three adaptations of birds to fly?
A
They have very light bones, feathers, and wings
14
Q
Why are amphibians called amphibians?
A
They live part of their life in water and part on land
15
Q
What are the factors that play a critical role in generating multicellular organisms?
A
Capacity of the cell to adhere and signal to other cells
16
Q
Apoda are ___
A
Amphibians
17
Q
Name one of the three big eras that had animals
A
Cretaceous period
18
Q
What are two traits that all mammals share?
A
1) endotherms
2) produce milk
19
Q
In what era did dinosaurs go extinct?
A
Cenozoic
20
Q
How do sponges feed?
A
They are filter feeders
21
Q
Producing eggs that hatch inside the body: young are born alive without placenta
A
Oviparous
22
Q
Young develop in the mother, are fed through placenta, and are born alive
A
Ovoviviparous
23
Q
Producing eggs that hatch outside the body
A
Viviparous
24
Q
List at least one type of flatworm that is a parasite of humans
A
Tapeworm
25
True or false: larva is a sexually immature and morphologically distinct organism from the adult
True
26
What mammals lay eggs?
Monotremata
27
What is the basal taxon of Metazoa?
Sponges
28
What are the Hox genes?
Genes that play a critical role in evolution
29
What happens after a sperm fertilizes an egg?
The zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage
30
In what type of symmetry is it possible to distinguish the following: dorsal and ventral, left and right
Bilateral
31
What animals have an osculum?
Sponges
32
What are the three main parts of molluscs?
Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle
33
What are gnathosomes named for?
Presence of their jaw
34
List two key characteristics of chordates
1. dorsal nerve cord
| 2. notochord
35
What are examples of jawless vertebrates still existent today?
Hagfish
36
Where does gas exchange occur in spiders?
Book lungs
37
True or false: in incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
True
38
Name an animal that is not an amniote
Frog
39
What are invertebrates?
Animals that lack a backbone
40
List two things that all living animals share
1. ) A common ancestor
| 2. ) respiration?
41
True or false: sharks only have one line of teeth
False
42
Annelids
Earthworms
43
Nematodes
Elegans
44
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
45
Chondrichthyans have a skeleton composed primarily of ___?
Cartilage
46
Urodela
Salamander
47
Gastropods
Snail
48
Anellida
Leech
49
Bivalvia
Clam
50
Cephalopoda
Squid
51
Cnidaria
Corals
52
Porifera
Sponges
53
Chelicerate
Spider
54
Arthropod
Lobster
55
Anthozoans
Hydra
56
Echinoderms
Starfish
57
Chondrichthyans
Sharks
58
List three traits of a tetrapod
1. ) four limbs
2. ) can be aquatic
3. ) vertebrates
59
Why are some animals classified as Medusozoans?
In one of their steps of life they are in the form of medusa
60
What is the function of the immune system?
Body's defense against pathogens (agents that cause disease)
61
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is an immediate response to a pathogen. Only certain animals have adaptive immunity, and it is a slower response
62
List three aspects that are common in the inner defense
Self-tolerance, immunological memory, diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
63
What is an epitope?
The small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor
64
What are the four types of phagocytic cells and their functions?
Macrophages (present all over body), neutrophils (engulf antigens), dendritic cells (signal), eosinophils (fight infections)
65
What is the process called when major histocompatibility complex molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface?
Antigen presentation
66
Adaptive responses rely on what two types of cells?
T and B cells
67
What must happen at the level of the DNA to guarantee the generation of different antigen receptors?
The DNA must be randomly arranged
68
What is the function of memory cells?
They help immunological memory so that if an antigen or pathogen comes back, the body recognizes it and attacks it immediately
69
How do phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens?
They use toll-like receptors to recognize pathogens on the cell wall
70
Name three different types of antibodies
IgA, IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD
71
What are autoimmune diseases? Name a couple.
Diseases where the body attacks itself. Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis
72
What happens in septic shock?
The whole body gets infected and organs begin to shut down over reaction; happens because of an extreme inflammatory response
73
Which organ system is producing chemical signaling called hormones?
Endocrine system
74
What is the difference between hormones and pheromones?
Pheromones are in the environment and hormones are secreted in the body
75
Hormones can belong to three types of macromolecules, which ones?
?
76
True or false: hormones reach all parts of the body, but inky target cells have receptors for that hormone and can respond
True
77
What is the difference between paracrine signaling and autocrine signaling?
Paracrine: Target cells lie near secreting cells
Autocrine: Target cell is also the secreting cell
78
Which type of feedback results in reinforcing a stimulus to produce an even greater response?
Positive feedback
79
What is the function of melatonin?
Helps with sleep. Is secreted by the pineal gland
80
True or false: If a hormone is lipophylic it does not need a carrier to be transported through blood circulation
False: if it is hydrophilic it does not need a carrier
81
True or false: binding of a hormone to its receptor initiate a signal transduction pathway leading to responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression
True.
82
Both pituitary gland and adrenal gland are separated into two parts. What are they?
Pituitary: anterior and posterior
Adrenal: medulla and cortex
83
Melatonin
Pineal gland
84
T3 and T4
Thyroid
85
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
86
Growth hormone
Pituitary gland
87
Epinephrine
Adrenal gland
88
Insulin
Pancreas
89
What kind of symptoms can hypothyroidism cause?
Weight gain, being cold
90
Name the 5 sensory receptors
1. mechanoreceptors
2. chemoreceptors
3. electromagnetic receptors
4. thermoreceptors
5. pain receptors
91
True or false: all animals see color
False
92
Name two organisms that use electromagnetic receptors to detect stimuli
Whale, fish
93
True or false: nociceptors respond to light
False. They are pain receptors so they respond to pain
94
What are the two types of proteins responsible for muscle contractions?
Actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)
95
Name 5 types of taste perceptions
Umani, bitter, sweet, salty, sour
96
Where is the sense of olfaction located?
The nose: smell; olfactory bulb in the brain
97
What is the difference between rods and cones?
Cones detect color; rods detect black and white
98
Insects have excellent color vision and can see UV light. What allows this to happen?
They have compound lenses and ommatidia that detect many colors
99
Ciliary muscles contract; suspensory ligaments relax
Near vision
100
Ciliary muscles relax; border of choroid moves away from lens; suspensory ligaments pull against lens
Distance vision
101
How many bones are there in the human ear?
3: malleus, incus, stipes
102
True or false: chemoreceptors sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, stretch, motion, and sound
False-mechanoreceptors do
103
What is tetanus?
A state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliver a volley of action potentials
104
Describe the three main types of skeletons and give one example for each type
Endoskeleton: human skeleton-hard interior
Exoskeleton: hard exterior; turtles, molluscs-soft tissue outside
Hydrostatic skeleton: traps fluid-worms/annelids
105
True or false: locomotion is active movement from place to place
True
106
Malthus publishes "Essay on the Principle of Population"
?
107
Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution
1830
108
Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism
1795
109
Lyell publishes "Principle of Geology"
?
110
Wallace sends to Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection
?
111
Cuvier publishes his study on fossils
?
112
Darwin travels around the world
1831-1836
113
Who is the founder of taxonomy?
Linnaeus
114
What are fossils?
Remains from organisms often found in layers of sedentary rock called strata
115
What does homology mean?
Organisms that share similar structures due to sharing a common ancestor
116
In what type of rocks are fossils usually found?
Sedimentary/strata
117
What is the study of fossils called?
Paleontology
118
What are the four types of data for pattern of evolution?
Biogeography
Direct observation
Fossil record
Homology
119
The increase in the evolution of drug-resistant pathogens is due to ___
Natural selection
120
Define convergent evolution
Evolution where species from different places are similar-for example, sugar gliders and flying squirrels are similar but from different places
121
True or false: individuals evolve.
False. Only populations evolve and that takes time
122
What was Pangaea?
The first continent
123
Evolution can be described with Darwin's phrase: ___
Descent with modification
124
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time. Macroevolution refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level
125
What are three mechanisms that cause allele frequency change?
1) natural selection
2) gene flow
3) genetic drift
126
What is the bottleneck effect?
Decrease in population number due to environmental factors
127
True or false: the Hardy Weinberg Principle says that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation.
True
128
What is the equation for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
129
When does the founder effect occur
When a species becomes isolated from other populations
130
Define genetic drift
It reduces variation in alleles, it gets rid of harmful alleles, and it causes there to be overall less variation. It occurs in small populations.
131
True or false: a neutral mutation causes no advantage or disadvantage
True
132
What is the difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection?
Intrasexual: organisms from the same species/gender directly compete for mates of opposite gender. Intersexual: when opposite sex organisms are choosy about their mates and look for distinct characteristics that make them attractive like bright feathers.
133
What are the 5 conditions for non-evolving populations?
1) no mutations
2) random mating
3) no natural selection
4) very large population
5) no gene flow
134
What are some reasons why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms?
It can only work with already existing traits so it can't create its own perfect traits. It relies on past organisms and how they have developed overtime. Environmental factors have a huge influence and cannot really be controlled.
135
True or false: a mutation is always harmful
False
136
Two species interact rarely due to different environments
Habitat isolation
137
Species which breed at different times in a day, different seasons, different years
Temporal isolation
138
Barriers to mating due to unique species and courtship rituals
Behavioral isolation
139
Unsuccessful mating due to morphological differences
Mechanical isolation
140
Sperm of one species may not fertilize an egg of another
Gametic isolation
141
Name a post-zygotic barrier that could prevent the offspring of sexual reproduction
Hybrid breakdown, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid viability
142
What are hybrids?
Organisms that develop from two organisms from different species and are infertile-like a mule or donkey
143
Define speciation
The formation of a new species
144
Indicate the difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation and give an example for each
Allopatric: mating despite geographic isolation; grolar bear.
Sympatric: mating of species from same place/environment
145
What is polyploidy? Is it more common in animals or plants?
Polyploidy is when excess chromosomes are in an organism. It is more common in plants than in animals.
146
What islands did Charles Darwin travel to that made his work famous?
Galápagos Islands
147
Reproductive barriers increase
Reinforcement
148
Continued formation of hybrid species
Stability
149
Reproductive barriers continue to weaken
Fusion
150
What is a hybrid zone?
A zone where hybrids mate and produce offspring
151
What are the oldest known fossils?
Stromatolites
152
What is the correct order in hierarchical classification of an organism from specific to broad?
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
153
What is the most common technique to determine the age of a fossil?
Radiometric dating
154
How long ago wS the earth created?
4.6 billion years ago
155
What was the first genetic material?
RNA
156
Fossil records favor species that were ___
Around for a long time, had hard parts, were widespread
157
What is phylogeny?
The ancestors/descendants of a species
158
A ___ is a unit of hierarchy at any level
Taxon
159
Includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor
Polyphyletic
160
An ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants
Paraphyletic
161
Includes the ancestor and all its descendants
Monophyletic
162
Describe each of the five parts of a phylogenetic tree
Branch point-ancestors separate & are from different origins
Sister taxa-directly related ancestors
Rooted tree- organisms share common ancestor at base of tree
Basal taxon- unit hierarchy
Polytomy- more than two sister taxa
163
What is a clade? Give an example.
A group of descendants and their ancestors from their species. Whales.
164
What is the molecular clock?
Calculates evolutionary change
165
Two differences between gram positive and gram negative
Gram positive: lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall
| Gram negative: less peptidoglycan in cell wall
166
True or false: thermophiles live in highly saline environments. Extreme halophiles thrive in very hot environments
False; other way
167
What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?
Rod, coccli, spiral
168
What are the three parts that composed the bacterial flagella?
Motor unit, rod, sporocytes
169
True or false: prokaryotes reproduce through mitosis
False; binary fusion
170
What is the name of the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells?
Conjugation
171
True or false: prokaryotic cells have organelles and are more complex than eukaryotic cells.
False
172
Give an example of Excavata
Parabasalids
173
Give an example of SAR clade
?
174
Give an example of archaeaplastidia
?
175
Give an example of unikonta
?
176
True or false: endosymbiosis is a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism
True
177
Define mixotrophs
Protists that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
178
What is alternation of generations?
Fluctuation between diploid and haploid stages in plants
179
How do fungi break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds?
They use enzymes
180
What is the specialized hyphae that some unique fungi have that allows them to penetrate the tissues of their host?
Haustoria
181
Fungi reproduction is special because two cells cytoplasms and nuclei can fuse independently. What are these two processes called?
?
182
A lichen us a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus. Give three characteristics of a lichen
?
183
What type of fungus is the yeast?
Ascomycete
184
Name a disease in humans due to bacteria
?
185
Name a disease in humans due to protist
?
186
Name a disease in humans due to fungus
Athlete's foot
187
What are the traits that land plants share only with charophytes?
Multicellular, algae-brown, golden
188
List the five key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are not present in charophytes
```
Multicellular gametangia
Dependent embryos
Walled spores
Alteration of generations
Apical meristems
```
189
What is sporopollenin? What organisms have it?
It prevents zygotes from dying out
190
Give ex of non-vascular plant
Bryophytes, moss
191
Give ex of vascular plant w/o seed
?
192
Give ex of vascular plant with seeds
?
193
What parts does a flower have to be a complete flower?
Carpel, stamen, petal, sepal
194
Name two advantages to pollen vs sperm
Easier to spread around-wind, animals
| Reproduction is more efficient
195
What does a seed consist of?
Embryo and protective coat
196
What is a cuticle?
Protective film covering leaves
197
What is pollination?
Transferring sperm to ovule, allows flower/plant to grow. Spermatogenesis goes to female tube and fertilizes
198
True or false: phloem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheas
False; xylem carry water, phloem carry glucose
199
True or false: a club moss is a bryophyte
False
200
Why in angiosperms do we talk about double fertilization?
There are two sperms. One fertilizes the egg forming a diploid zygote; other fuses with two polar nuclei
201
What is one similarity between platelets and erythrocytes?
Both do not contain a nucleus so they will not survive for a long time
202
What causes sickle-cell disease?
Abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates which can deform. Sickled cells can rupture or block blood vessels
203
What plays a big role in coagulation?
Calcium and vitamin k
204
What is a cardiovascular disease that is caused by the buildup of fatty acids, or plaque, within arteries?
Atherosclerosis
205
What is the difference between LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein)?
LDL delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production and HDL collects excess cholesterol so that it can be returned to the liver
206
Gas exchange supplies ___ for cellular respiration and disposes of ___
O2; CO2
207
Surfaces used by animals for respiration include:
Skin, lungs, gills, tracheae
208
How do fish gills work for respiration?
Fish gills use a countercurrent exchange system where the water passing over the gills is going in the opposite direction as the fish's blood. The blood has less oxygen than the water
209
Give an example of an animal that has an open circulatory system
Grasshopper
210
What are the types of circulatory fluid? Give examples of animals that have each.
Hemolymph and hemoglobin. A grasshopper has hemolymph. Frogs, fish, and pandas have hemoglobin
211
The solute concentration of a solution is ___
Osmolarity
212
What is the main organ of excretion for marine fish?
Gills because their kidneys do not work as well
213
How do birds conserve water?
Birds excrete uric acid instead of urea
214
What kind of excretory organ does a flatworm have? What type of waste is produced?
Protonephridia; ammonia
215
True or false: water enters and leaves cells by osmosis
True
216
What kind of excretory organ does a freshwater fish have? What type of waste is produced?
Kidney; ammonia
217
What kind of excretory organ does a panda have? What type of waste is produced?
Kidneys; urea
218
What type of excretory organ does a grasshopper have? What type of waste is produced?
Malphigians tubules; uric acid
219
What is the difference between osmoconformers and osmoregulators?
Osmoconformers: isoosmotic w/ surroundings. Do not regulate their osmolarity.
Osmoregulators: expend their energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment
220
What is the difference between stenohaline and euryhaline animals?
Most animals are stenohaline and cannot tolerate big changes in external osmolarity. Euryhaline animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity.
221
What is the axon hillock?
Cone shaped structure where an action potential is established
222
Supporting cells that help with transmitting information and are intermingled with neurons
Glia cells
223
What makes up the CNS (central nervous system)?
Brain and spinal cord
224
What does the PNS (peripheral nervous system) do?
Carries information in and out of the CNS
225
What is the difference between intracellular concentration and extracellular concentration?
Intracellular concentration is how many ions are inside of the cell. Extracellular is how many ions are outside of cell
226
When a membrane potential becomes even more negative, potassium gets out, and the inside of the cell becomes negative it is called ___
Hyperpolarization
227
When a membrane potential becomes positive, there is a reduction in magnitude of the membrane potential, and sodium goes inside of the cell it is called ___.
Depolarization
228
When sodium channels close and potassium channels open, and potassium comes into the cell to recreate the membrane potential, it is called ___
Repolarization
229
Which neurotransmitter has to do with anxiety disorders and hallucinations?
Serotonin
230
Which neurotransmitter has to do with Parkinson's disease and drug addiction?
Dopamine
231
Which neurotransmitter has to do with ADHD and amphetamines?
Norepinephrine
232
What is a set of interconnected nerve cells called?
A nerve net
233
What animal has a brain, 2 nerve cords, and transverse nerves?
Flatworm
234
What animal has a brain, a ventral nerve cord, and segmental ganglia?
Grasshopper
235
What has no brain, an anterior nerve ring, and longitudinal nerve cords?
Chiton
236
In vertebrates, what is a difference between the CNS and the PNS? What is a similarity?
The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is composed of nerves and ganglia. A similarity is that both are known for region specialization.
237
What are segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called?
Ganglia
238
What do radial glial cells and astrocytes both act as?
Stem cells
239
What is the difference between gray matter and white matter?
Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. White matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons
240
What regulates arousal and the "fight-or-flight" response? What promotes calming?
Sympathetic division; parasympathetic division
241
Which brain structure is most important to the storage of emotion in the memory?
The amygdala
