FIS - finals Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Organized collection of data
A
Database
2
Q
Group of programs that manipulate the database
Provide an interface between the database and its users and other application programs
A
Database management system (DBMS)
3
Q
Skilled IS professional who directs all activities related to an organization’s database
A
Database administrator (DBA)
4
Q
The Hierarchy of Data
A
Bit (a binary digit):
Circuit that is either on or off
Byte:
Typically made up of eight bits
Character:
Basic building block of information
Field:
Name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity
Record:
Collection of related data fields
File:
Collection of related records
Database:
Collection of integrated and related files
5
Q
Circuit that is either on or off
A
Bit (a binary digit)
6
Q
Typically made up of eight bits
A
Byte
7
Q
Basic building block of information
A
Character
8
Q
Name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity
A
Field
9
Q
Collection of related data fields
A
Record
10
Q
Collection of related records
A
File
11
Q
Collection of integrated and related files
A
Database
12
Q
General class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained
A
Entity
13
Q
Characteristic of an entity
A
Attribute
14
Q
Specific value of an attribute
A
Data item
15
Q
Field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record
A
Key
16
Q
Field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
A
Primary key
17
Q
Refers to the primary key in another table.
A
Foreign key
18
Q
Each distinct operational system used data files dedicated to that system
A
Traditional approach to data management
19
Q
Pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs
A
Database approach to data management
20
Q
When building a database, an organization must consider:
A
Content: What data should be collected and at what cost?
Access: What data should be provided to which users and when?
Logical structure: How should data be arranged so that it makes sense to a given user?
Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?
21
Q
Building a database requires two types of designs:
A
Logical design:
Abstract model of how data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs
Physical design:
Starts from the logical database design and fine- tunes it for performance and cost considerations
22
Q
Abstract model of how data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs
A
Logical design
23
Q
Starts from the logical database design and fine- tunes it for performance and cost considerations
A
Physical design
24
Q
Starts by investigating the general data and information needs of the organization at the strategic level
A
Enterprise data modeling
25
Data models that use `basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data`
**Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams**
26
* Describes data using a standard tabular format
* Each row of a table represents a data entity (record)
* Columns of the table represent attributes (fields)
* Domain:
* Allowable values for data attributes
**Relational model**
27
Eliminates rows according to certain criteria
**Selecting**
28
Eliminates columns in a table
**Projecting**
29
Combines two or more tables
**Joining**
30
Manipulating two or more tables that share at least one common data attribute
**Linking**
31
Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another
**Flat file**
32
`Only one person can use the database at a time`
**Examples**: Access, FileMaker Pro, and InfoPath
**Single user**
33
`Allow dozens or hundreds` of people to access the same database system `at the same time`
**Examples**: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM
**Multiple users**
34
* Used to describe the `entire database`
* Can be part of the database or a separate schema file
**Schema**
35
Can reference a schema to find where to access the requested data in relation to another piece of data
**DBMS**
36
Method of dealing with a situation in which `two or more users or applications need to access the same record at the same time`
**Concurrency control**
37
* Works with users to `decide the content of the database`
* Works with programmers as they build applications to ensure that their programs comply with database management system standards and conventions
**DBA**
38
Responsible for` defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues`
**Data administrator**
39
**Important characteristics of databases to consider `(Selecting a Database Management System)`:**
Database size
Database cost
Concurrent users
Performance
Integration
Vendor
40
**DBMSs can act as _ or _.**
front-end or back-end applications:
**Front-end applications** interact directly with people
**Back-end applications** interact with other programs or applications
41
**Common manipulations:**
– Searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating data contained in a database using a number of database applications
42
:the factoring of the `lifetime of an information system into two stages`, (1) systems development and (2) systems operation and maintenance.
**Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)**
43
:a `standardized methodology defines a set of activities`, methods, best practices, deliverables, and tools for system developers and project managers to develop and continuously improve information systems and software.
**Systems Development Process**
44
The `overall process for developing information systems` from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance
**Systems development life cycle (SDLC)**–
45
consists of:
1. planning
1. analysis
1. design
1. development
1. testing
1. implementation
1. maintenance
**Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)**
46
– An information systems strategy plan has `examined the business as a whole to identify those system development projects` that will return the greatest strategic (long-term) value to the business
**Planned Projects**
47
`Triggered by a specific problem`, opportunity, or directive that occurs in the course of doing business.
**Unplanned projects**
48
– a `repository of project proposals that cannot be funded` or staffed because they are a `lower priority` than those that have been approved for system development.
**Backlog**
49
– an `actual undesirable situation` that prevents the organization from fully achieving its purpose, goals, and/or objectives.
**Problem**
`what`
50
– a `chance to improve` the organization even in the absence of an identified problem
**Opportunity**
`what`
51
- a `new requirement` that is imposed by management, government, or some external influence/parties.
**Directive**
`what`
52
project definition
**what**
53
project justification
**why**
54
: Do right thing
**Effective**
55
: Do things right
**Efficient**
56
: Do things differently
**Competitive**
57
– an `information system’s sponsors and executives advocate`, usually responsible for `funding the project` of developing, operating, and maintaining the information system. They define the `SCOPE of a system`: what business problem to be solved
– They view the system in term of `cost/benefit` to solve a business problem
**System owners**
58
– use or are `affected by an information system on a regular basis` – capturing, validating, entering, responding to, storing, and exchanging data and information. They define the `REQUIREMENTS of the system.`
* Internal users
* External users
**System users**
59
`translate system users’ business requirements` and constraints into technical solution: computer databases, inputs, outputs, networks, and software meeting the system users’ requirements. Their activities relate to the `DESIGN of a system`
**System designers**
60
`constructs information systems` based on the design specifications from the system designers. Their activities relate to building the `COMPONENTS of the system`.
**System builders**
61
`study the problems and needs` of an organization to determine how people, data, processes, and information technology can best accomplish improvements for the business. They are `FACILITATORS of the system` development project.
* A programmer-analyst
* A business analyst / consultant
**Systems analysts**
62
: What Business Problem
**Scope Definition Phase**
63
: What System Issues (Info/Data, Processes, Communications/Interfaces)
**Problem Analysis Phase**
64
: What User Needs
**Requirement Analysis Phase**
65
: Conceptual Model – What to Do
**Logical Design**
66
: What Solution
**Decision Analysis Phase**
67
: (Physical Model) - How IT Can Do
**Design Phase**
68
: Do It
**Construction Phase**
69
: Use It
**Implementation Phase**
70
:Is in helping you and your coworkers make more informed decisions
**True potential of information systems**
71
:Use management information reports to find the least expensive way to ship products to market and to solve bottlenecks
**Transportation coordinators**
72
Assist with problem solving, helping people make better decisions and save lives
**Information systems**
73
**Decision-making phase:**
**Intelligence stage**:
Identify and define potential problems or opportunities
**Design stage**:
Develop alternative solutions to the problem and evaluate their feasibility
**Choice stage**:
Select a course of action
74
Identify and define potential problems or opportunities
**Intelligence stage**:
75
Develop alternative solutions to the problem and evaluate their feasibility
**Design stage**:
76
Select a course of action
**Choice stage**:
77
Includes and goes beyond decision making
Includes implementation stage
**Problem solving**
78
Decision makers evaluate the implementation
**Monitoring stage**
79
* Made using a rule, procedure, or quantitative method
* Easy to computerize using traditional information systems
**Programmed decision**
80
* Decision that deals with unusual or exceptional situations
* Not easily quantifiable
**Nonprogrammed decision**
81
`Finds the best solution`, usually the one that will best help the organization meet its goals
**Optimization model**
82
`Finds a good`, but not necessarily the best, problem solution
**Satisficing model**
83
`Commonly accepted guidelines` or procedures that usually find a good solution
**Heuristics**
84
Performance is typically a function of decision quality and problem complexity
**Decision support systems**
85
Depends on how hard the problem is to solve and implement
**Problem complexity**
86
* Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to help make decisions that solve problems
* Used at all levels
* Focus on decision-making effectiveness regarding unstructured or semistructured business problems
**Decision Support Systems (DSS)**
87
A specific DSS might support only one or a few phases
**Support for problem-solving phases**:
88
is concerned with situations or decisions that come up only a few times
**Ad hoc DSS**
89
handles situations or decisions that occur more than once
**Institutional DSS**
90
**Semistructured vs highly structured problems**
**Highly structured problems** are straightforward, requiring known facts and relationships
**Semistructured or unstructured problems** are more complex
91
Allows decision makers to easily access and manipulate the DSS and to use common business terms and phrases
**Dialogue manager:**
92
Performs qualitative analysis based on the company’s databases
**Data-driven DSS**:
93
Performs mathematical or quantitative analysis
**Model-driven DSS**:
94
* Allows users to interact with the DSS to obtain information
* Assists with all aspects of communications between user and hardware and software that constitute the DSS
**User Interface**
95
Consists of most elements in a DSS, plus software to provide effective support in group decision making
Also called `group decision support system` or `computerized collaborative work system`
**Group support system (GSS)**
96
* Often called `groupware` or `workgroup software`
* Helps with joint work group scheduling, communication, and management
* software packages:
Collabnet
OpenMind
TeamWare
**GSS software**
97
**The Importance of Electronic and Mobile Commerce**
* Electronic and mobile commerce have transformed many areas of our `lives` and `careers`.
* One fundamental change has been the manner in which companies interact with their `suppliers`, `customers`, `government agencies`, and other `business partners`.
* As a result, most organizations today have or are considering setting up business on the `Internet`.
98
Conducting business activities `electronically` over computer networks such as the Internet, extranets, and corporate networks.
**e-Commerce**
99
**Examples of e-Commerce**
1. Distribution of products
1. Buying of products
1. Selling of products
1. Marketing of products
1. Servicing of products or services
100
Business activities that are strong candidates for conversion to e-commerce are `paper-based`, `time-consuming`, and `inconvenient activities for customers`.
**e-Commerce**
101
Thus, some of the first business processes that companies converted to an e-commerce model were those related to `buying` and `selling`.
**e-Commerce**
102
A subset of e-commerce where `all the participants are organizations`.
**`Business-to-Business` (B2B) E-Commerce**
103
is a useful tool for connecting business partners in a `virtual supply chain` to cut resupply times and reduce costs.
**`Business-to-Business` (B2B) E-Commerce**
104
A form of e-commerce in which customers deal directly with an organization and `avoid intermediaries`.
**`Business-to-Consumer` (B2C) E-Commerce**
105
In many cases, it squeezes costs and inefficiencies out of the supply chain and can lead to `higher profits` and `lower prices` for consumers.
**`Business-to-Consumer` (B2C) E-Commerce**
106
A subset of e-commerce that involves `consumers selling directly to other consumers.`
**`Consumer-to-consumer` (C2C) E-commerce**
107
`eBay` is an example of a C2C e-commerce site; `customers` `buy and sell items` directly `to each other` through the site. Founded in 1995, eBay has become one of the most popular Web sites in the world.
**`Consumer-to-consumer` (C2C) E-commerce**
108
The use of `information and communications technology` to simplify the sharing of information, speed formerly paper-based processes, and improve the relationship between `citizens and government`.
**e-Government**
109
Citizens can use this applications to submit their state and federal tax returns online, renew auto licenses, apply for student loans, and make campaign contributions.
**`Government-to-consumer` (G2C)**
110
support the purchase of materials and services from private industry by government procurement offices, enable firms to bid on government contracts, and help businesses receive current government regulations related to their operations.
**`Government-to-business` (G2B)**
111
Business.gov allows businesses to access information about laws and regulations and relevant forms needed to comply with federal requirements for their business.
**`Government-to-business` (G2B)**
112
are designed to improve communications among the various levels of government.
**`Government-to-government` (G2G)**
113
Message boards and chat rooms can build a `loyal community of people` who are interested in and enthusiastic about the company and its products and services.
**Community**
114
Providing `useful`, `accurate`, and `timely` content—such as industry and economic news and stock quotes—is a sound approach to encourage people to return to your Web site time and again.
**Content**
115
involves consumers and businesses `paying to purchase` physical goods, information, or services that are posted or advertised online.
**Commerce**
116
, sometimes called `e-tailing`, is the direct sale of products or services by businesses to consumers through electronic storefronts, which are typically designed around the familiar electronic catalog and shopping cart model.
**Electronic retailing**
117
Companies such as _, _, and many others have used the same model to sell wholesale goods to employees of corporations.
**Office Depot, Wal-Mart**
118
are another means to support retail shopping.
**Cybermalls**
119
is a single Web site that offers many products and services at one Internet location—similar to a regular shopping mall.
**A cybermall**
120
An ____ pulls multiple buyers and sellers into one virtual place, easily reachable through a Web browser.
**Internet cybermall**
121
One approach taken by many manufacturers to raise profitability and improve customer service is to move their supply chain operations onto the Internet.
**Manufacturing**
122
Here they can form an `electronic exchange` to join with competitors and suppliers alike, using computers and Web sites to buy and sell goods, trade market information, and run back-office operations.
**Manufacturing**
123
The nature of the Web allows firms to gather much more information about customer `behavior` and `preferences` than they could using other marketing approaches.
**Marketing**
124
Marketing organizations can measure many online activities as `customers and potential customers` gather information and make their purchase decisions.
**Marketing**
125
Divides the pool of potential customers into `subgroups`, which are usually defined in terms of `demographic characteristics`, such as age, gender, marital status, income level, and geographic location.
**Market Segmentation**
126
Occurs when a firm obtains `detailed` information about a customer’s behavior, preferences, needs, and buying patterns and uses that information to set prices, negotiate terms, tailor promotions, add product features, and otherwise `customize its entire relationship with that customer`.
**Technology-enabled Relationship Management**
127
With it, consumers can manage their finances from anywhere without driving to their bank or credit union or booting their computer.
**mobile banking**
128
Consumers can use mobile banking to access multiple banks, accounts, and financial services to:
1. View account balances (checking, savings, Money Market, and credit cards)
2. Transfer funds between accounts
3. View and pay bills
4. Review a history of account transactions
**mobile banking**
129
Companies are employing a `strategy` that encourages shoppers to do Web-based price comparisons while they are in the stores.
**Mobile Price Comparison**
130
The idea is to drive the shopper who is ready to make a purchase `from one retailer to another` based on price and product comparisons.
**Mobile Price Comparison**
131
Web sites, like `Google Maps`, can be used to locate `stores`, `restaurants`, `gas stations`, and other retailers while you are on the move.
**Mobile Price Comparison**
132
Through `e-mails` and placing `cookies` to personal computers.
**Mobile Advertising**
133
Upon checkout, the `coupon discount `is applied when the loyalty card is scanned.
**Mobile Coupons**
134
**Advantages of Electronic and
Mobile Commerce**
* Reduces cost
* Speed the Flow of Goods and Information
* Increases Accuracy
* Improve Customer Service
135
**Global Challenges for E-Commerce and M-Commerce**
1. Cultural Challenges
1. Time and Distance Challenges
1. Currency Challenges
1. Language Challenges
1. Infrastructure Challenges
1. Product and Service Challenges
1. State, Regional, and National Laws
136
A practice that entails sending bogus messages purportedly from a legitimate institution to pry personal information from customers by convincing them to go to a “spoofed” Web site.
**Phishing**
137
A problem arising in a pay-per-click online advertising environment where additional clicks are generated beyond those that come from actual, legitimate users.
**Click Fraud**
138
includes works of the mind such as books, films, music, processes, and software, which are distinct somehow and are owned or created by a single entity.
**Theft of Intellectual Property**
139
- is a term that describes the `difference between people who do and do not have the access` or the capability to use high-quality, modern ICT such as computers and internet to improve their standard of living.
**digital divide**
