FIS - midterm Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Why Learn About Information Systems?
A
- used in almost every profession
-
Entrepreneurs & small business— reach customers -
Sales Rep.— advertise products -
Managers— make multimillion-dollar decision -
Financial Managers— advise clients to help them save -
Business— perform accounting & financial operations - first job, earn promotion, & advance your career
2
Q
- A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
- It is the
feedback mechanismthat helps organizations achieve their goals, such as increasing profits or improving customer service.
A
Information System (IS)
3
Q
4 Everyday IS interaction
A
- Using Automated Teller Machine (ATM).
- Accessing information over the Internet.
- Selecting information from kiosks with touch screens.
- Scanning bar codes on purchases at self-lane check outs.
4
Q
consists of raw facts, such as an employee number, total hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders.
A
DATA
5
Q
4 Representation of Data
A
- Alphanumeric data - Numbers, letters and other characters.
- Image data - Graphic images and pictures.
- Audio data - Sound, noise or tones.
- Video data - Moving images or pictures.
6
Q
- Defining and organizing relationships among data creates information.
- A collection of
facts organizedin such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the individual facts. - The process of
defining relationships among datato create useful information requires knowledge. - Turning data into information is a process – a
set of logically related tasksperformed to achieve a defined outcome.
A
INFORMATION
7
Q
- Having it means
understanding relationships in information. - A set of information and ways that information can be made
usefulto support a specific task or reach a decision.
A
KNOWLEDGE
8
Q
a data made more useful through the application of knowledge.
A
Information
9
Q
These are the people who create, use, and disseminate knowledge, and are usually professionals in science, engineering, business, and other areas.
A
Knowledge Workers (KWs)
10
Q
An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to create, store, and use the organization’s knowledge and experience.
A
Knowledge Management System (KMS)
11
Q
What are the Characteristics of a VALUABLE Information?
A
- Accessible (but use available instead)
- Accurate
- Complete
- Economical
- Flexible
- Relevant
- Reliable
- Secure
- Simple
- Timely
- Verifiable
12
Q
obtain info in the right format at the right time
A
Accessible/Available
13
Q
error free info (GIGO - unaccurate data)
A
Accurate
14
Q
contains all important facts
A
Complete
15
Q
balance the value of the info with the cost producing it
A
Economical
16
Q
can be used for a variety of purposes
A
flexible
17
Q
important to the decision maker
A
Relevant
18
Q
can be trusted by users (w/ trusted source)
A
Reliable
19
Q
free from unauthorized users
A
Secure
20
Q
not overly complex
A
simple
21
Q
delivered when its needed
A
timely
22
Q
can check it to make sure its correct
A
verifiable
23
Q
- The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers
achievetheir organization’sgoals. -
Valuable information can help people and their organizations perform tasks more
efficientlyandeffectively.
A
value of information
24
Q
Efficiency vs Effectiveness
A
Efficiency
* compare systems
* doing things right
* save resources
Effectiveness
* measure of the extent
* computed by dividing goals
* doing the right thing
* DON'T save resources
25
* the activity of `gathering and capturing raw data`.
* In `producing paychecks`, for example, the number of hours every employee works must be collected before paychecks can be calculated or printed.
* In a `university grading system`, instructors must submit student grades before a summary of grades for the semester or quarter can be compiled and sent to students.
**INPUT**
26
* In information systems, it means `converting or transforming data into useful outputs`.
* can involve making `calculations`, comparing data and taking alternative actions, and storing data making data into useful information
* s `critical in business settings`.
**PROCESSING**
27
* Iproducing useful information, usually in the form of `documents and reports`.
* include `paychecks` for employees, `report`s for managers, and information supplied to stockholders, banks, government agencies, and other groups.
* In some cases, output from one system can become input for another. For example, output from a system that processes sales orders can be used as input to a customer billing system.
**OUTPUT**
28
* information from the system that is used to `make changes to input or processing activities`.
* For example, errors or problems might make it necessary `to correct` input data or `change a process`.
* Feedback is also important for `managers and decision`
**FEEDBACK**
29
A single `set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures` that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.
**Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)**
30
**CBIS COMPONENTS**
1. Hardware
1. Software
1. Databases
1. Telecommunications
1. People
1. Procedures
31
* Consists of `computer equipment` used to perform input, processing, and output activities.
* The trend in the computer industry is to produce smaller, faster, and more mobile hardware.
* Input devices include keyboards, mice and other pointing devices, automatic scanning devices, and equipment that can read magnetic ink characters.
**Hardware**
32
* Consists of the computer programs that `govern the operation of the computer`.
* With software, people can work anytime at any place.
* These programs allow a computer to process payroll, send bills to customers, and provide managers with information to increase profits, reduce costs, and provide better customer service.
**Software**
33
**Two (2) Types of Software**
* **System Software**: controls the `basic computer operations` including start-up and printing.
e.g. Microsoft Windows Vista
* **Application Software**: allows you to `accomplish specific tasks` including word processing or creating spreadsheets.
e.g. Microsoft Office 2007
34
* A is an organized `collection of facts and information`, typically consisting of two or more related data files.
* Most managers and executives consider a database to be `one of the most valuable` parts of a computer-based information system.
* An organization’s database can contain `facts and information` on customers, employees, inventory, competitors’ sales and online purchases.
**Databases**
35
is the `electronic transmission of signals` for communications, which enables organizations to carry out their processes and tasks through effective computer networks.
**Telecommunications**
36
* People can be the `most important element` in most computer-based information systems.
* They make the difference between `success` and `failure` for most organizations.
* Information systems `personnel` include all the people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system.
**People**
37
* include the `strategies, policies, methods, and rules` for using the CBIS, including the operation, maintenance, and security of the computer.
* **Good procedures** can help companies take advantage of new opportunities and avoid potential disasters.
* **Poorly developed and inadequately implemented procedures**, however, can cause people to waste their time on useless rules or result in inadequate responses to disasters.
**Procedures**
38
* are used in all functional areas and operating divisions of business.
**Information systems**
39
**Information Systems in Business**
* **Finance and accounting** --- forecase revenues and business activity, perform audits
* **Sales and marketing** --- develop new goods and services
40
**Information Systems in Industry**
* **Airline industry** --- develps internet auction sites to offer discount fares and increase revenue
* **Investment firms** --- analyze stocks, bonds, options, the future market, and other financial instruments
* **Banks** --- make sound loans and good investments as well as to provide online check payment for account holders
41
formal collection of people and other resources to **accomplish a set of goals**
a **system** that has input, processing, output and feedback
it **constantly use money, people, material**s, machines and other equipment
**Organization**
42
**`For-profit` vs. `Non-profit` Org**
**For-profit** - maximize shareholder value, price of the company stock (`has income`)
**Nonprofit** - social groups, religous groups, universities (`no income`)
43
support and work within all parts of an org'al process
org use this to **cut cost** and **increase profits**
**Information Systems**
44
focuses on outperforming others, often aiming to be the best.
**Competitive**
45
focuses on efficiency and effectiveness, aiming to accomplish goals successfully.
**Productive**
46
a series (chain) of act
* inbound logistics
* warehouse & storage
* production
* finished product storage
* outbound logistic
* marketing and sales
* customer service
**value chain**
47
helps determine the ff:
* supplies
* quantities
* how should it be processed
* shipment
**Supply Chain Management**
48
Help a company manage all aspects of customer **encounters**, including:
1. Marketing and advertising,
2. Sales,
3. Customer service after the sale, and
4. Programs to retain loyal customers.
- help get customer data/feedback
**Customer Relationship Management**
49
* Refers to organizational `sub-units` and the way they relate to the overall organization.
* An organization’s structure depends on its `goals` and `approach` to management, and can affect how it views and uses information systems.
* The types of organizational structures typically include `traditional, project, team,` and `virtual`.
**Organizational Structure**
50
* Also called as a “`hierarchica`l” structure.
* It is like a `managerial pyramid` where the hierarchy of decision making and authority flows from the strategic management at the `top down` to operational management and non-management employees.
**Traditional Organizational Structure**
51
* Includes the `president` of the company and `vice presidents`.
* They have the `highest degree of decision` authority and has the most impact on corporate goals.
**Strategic Level**
52
* Includes the `major department heads`.
* Usually `divided according to function` and can include marketing, production, information systems, finance and accounting, research and development, and so on.
**Tactical Level**
53
* Known as the **“`Line positions`”**.
* These positions or `departments` are directly associated with making, packing, or shipping goods.
**Operational Level**
54
* Known as the **“`Staff positions`”**.
* These are positions that might `not be directly involved` with the formal chain of command but instead assist a department or area.
**NOn-Management Level**
55
`Empowers` employees at lower levels to make decisions and solve problems without needing permission from midlevel managers.
**Flat Organizational
Structure**
56
* Centered on `major products` or services.
* Project teams are `temporary`— when the project is complete, the members go on to new teams formed for another project.
**Project Organizational
Structure**
57
* Centered on `work teams` or `groups`. In some cases, these teams are small; in others, they are very large.
* Typically, each team has a `leader` who reports to an upper-level manager.
* Depending on its tasks, the team can be `temporary or permanent`.
**Team Organizational
Structure**
58
* Employs individuals, groups, or complete business units in `geographically dispersed areas` that can last for a few weeks or years, often requiring `telecommunications` or the `Internet`
* .Allows work to be separated from location and time.
* Work can be done `anywhere`, `anytime`.
**Virtual Organizational
Structure**
59
* People might never meet physically, which explains the use of the word `virtual`, and highlights the difference between virtual organizations and traditional ones that have operations in more than one location.
* A Virtual organization is geographically distributed, and uses information technology to communicate and coordinate the work.
* It can last for a `few weeks, months, years or decades`.
**Virtual Organizational
Structure**
60
A ____________ is geographically distributed, and uses information technology to communicate and coordinate the work.
**Virtual organization**
61
A set of major `understandings` and `assumptions` shared by a group, such as within an `ethnic group or a country`.
**Culture**
62
Consists of the major understandings (common beliefs, values, and approaches to decision making) and assumptions for a `business`, `corporation`, or `other organization`.
**Organizational Culture**
63
Deals with how for-profit and nonprofit organizations plan for, implement, and handle change.
**Organizational Change**
64
**INTERNAL vs EXTERNAL CHANGE**
**Internal change** – factors initiated by `employees at all levels`.
**External change**- activities created by `competitors, stockholders, federal and state laws`, community regulations, natural occurrences (such as hurricanes), and general economic conditions.
65
Can help an organization **improve** the supply of raw materials, the production process, and the products and services it offers.
**Sustaining Change**
66
Often `harms` an organization’s performance or even puts it out of business.
**Disruptive Change**
67
**CHANGE MODEL**
by
Kurt Lewin and Edgar Schein
* **Unfreezing** - stopping old habits and creating a climate that is receptive to change.
* **Moving** - learning new work methods, behaviors, and systems.
* **Refreezing** - reinforcing changes to make the new process second nature, accepted, and part of the job.
68
Involves the radical `redesign` of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a `breakthrough` (advancement) in business results.
**Business Process
Reengineering**
69
* Constantly seek ways to `improve` business processes and `add value` to products and services.
* This continual change will `increase` customer satisfaction and loyalty and ensure `ong-term` profitability.
**Continuous Improvement**
70
A model that describes the factors leading to higher levels of acceptance and usage of technology.
**Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)**
71
**TECHNOLOGY `DIFFUSION` vs `INFUSION`**
* **T. Diffusion** - A measure of how widely technology is `spread throughout the organization`.
* **T. Infusion** - The extent to which technology is `deeply integrated` into an `area or department`.
72
The ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations.
**Quality**
73
* Involves contracting with `outside` professional services to meet specific business needs.
* Organizations often outsource a process to focus more closely on their `core business`—and target limited resources to meet strategic goals.
**Outsourcing**
74
* Involves `rapidly responding` to the organization’s flow of work as the need for computer resources varies.
* Organization pays for `computing resources` from a computer or consulting company.
**On-demand Computing**
75
* Instead of purchasing hardware, software, and database systems, the organization only pays a `fee` for the systems it needs at `peak times`.
* It also allows the organization’s IS staff to concentrate on `more-strategic` issues.
**On-demand Computing**
76
* Involves reducing the number of employees to `cut costs`.
* Rather than pick a specific business process to downsize, companies usually look to downsize across the entire company.
* Reduces total payroll costs, though employee morale can suffer.
**Downsizing**
77
* Employers need to be open to alternatives for reducing the number of employees but use `layoffs` as the last resort.
* It’s simpler to encourage people to leave `voluntarily` through early retirement or other incentives.
**Downsizing**
78
* A significant and (ideally) `long-term benefit` to a company over its competition, and can result in higher-quality products, better customer service, and lower costs.
* Establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage is complex, but a company’s survival and prosperity depend on its success in doing so.
**Competitive Advantage**
79
* To gain an advantage over competitors, companies constantly analyze how they use their resources and assets.
* For example, a transportation company might decide to invest in radio-frequency technology to tag and trace products as they move from one location to another.
**Rivalry Among Existing Competitors**
80
When the threat of `new market` entrants is high, the desire to seek and maintain competitive advantage to dissuade / discourage new entrants is also usually high.
**Threat of New Entrants**
81
* Companies that offer one type of goods or services are threatened by other companies that offer similar goods or services.
* The more consumers can obtain `similar products` and services that satisfy their needs, the more likely firms are to try to establish competitive advantage.
**Threat of Substitute Products and Services**
82
* Large customers tend to influence a firm, and this influence can increase significantly if the customers can threaten to switch to rival companies.
* When the bargaining power of suppliers is strong, companies need to improve their competitive advantage to maintain their bargaining position.
**Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers**
83
* Deliver the `lowest possible cost` for products and services.
* Achieved by `reducing the costs of raw materials` through aggressive negotiations with suppliers, becoming more efficient with production and manufacturing processes, and reducing warehousing and shipping costs.
**Cost Leadership**
84
* Deliver `different products and services`.
* This strategy can involve `producing a variety of products`, giving customers `more choices`, or delivering higher quality products and services.
**Differentiation**
85
* Deliver to `only a small, niche market`.
* **Porsche**, for example, doesn’t produce inexpensive station wagons or large sedans. It makes high-performance sports cars and SUVs. \
* **Rolex** only makes high-quality, expensive watches. It doesn’t make inexpensive, plastic watches.
**Niche strategy**
86
* Introduce `new products` and services `periodically or frequently`.
* If an organization does not introduce new products and services every few months, the company can quickly stagnate, lose market share, and decline.
**Creating New Products and Services**
87
Make real or perceived improvements to existing product lines and services.
**Improving Existing Product Lines and Services**
88
* A measure of the `output` achieved `divided by` the `input` required.
* A higher level of output for a given level of input means greater productivity; a lower level of output for a given level of input means lower productivity.
**Productivity**
Productivity = (Output / Input) × 100%
89
This measure investigates the `additional profits or benefits` that are generated as a percentage of the investment in IS technology.
**Return on Investment (ROI)**
90
The percentage of sales that a product or service has in relation to the total market.
**Market Share**
91
Bringing new products and services to customers in less time.
**Speed to Market**
92
The measurement of the `total cost of owning computer equipment`, including desktop computers, networks, and large computers.
**Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)**
93
It consists of any `machinery` (most of which uses digital circuits) that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system.
**Hardware**
94
These components include the `input devices, output devices, primary and secondary storage devices, and the central processing unit (CPU)`. The control unit, the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), and the register storage areas constitute the CPU.
**Hardware Components**
95
Part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: the `arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas`.
**Central Processing Unit (CPU)**
96
Part of the CPU that `performs mathematical calculations` and makes logical comparisons.
**Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)**
97
Part of the CPU that `sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data` in and out of the ALU, the registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices.
**Control unit**
98
The set of programs that coordinates the `activities and functions of the hardware` and other programs throughout the computer system.
**Systems Software**
99
The combination of a `hardware configuration` and `systems software` is known as a .
**computer system platform**
100
It has the `greatest` potential to affect processes that add value to a business because it is designed for `specific` organizational activities and functions.
**Application Software**
101
is an application that enables a `workgroup` to `schedule meeting`s and coordinate `activities`.
**Lotus Notes**
102
The sphere of influence that serves the `needs of an individual user`.
**Personal Sphere of Influence**
103
The software that enables users to `improve their personal effectiveness`, increasing the amount of work they can perform and enhancing its quality.
**Personal Productivity Software**
104
Personal computer and workstation operating systems
**Systems Software**
105
Word processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics
**Application Software**
106
`Two or more` people who work together to achieve a `common goal`.
**Workgroup**
107
The sphere of influence that `serves the needs of a workgroup`.
**Workgroup Sphere of Influence**
108
Network operating systems
**Systems Software**
109
Electronic mail, group scheduling, shared work, collaboration.
**Application Software**
110
The sphere of influence that serves the needs of the `firm` in its interaction with its environment.
**Enterprise Sphere of Influence**
111
Midrange computer and mainframe operating systems.
**Systems Software**
112
General ledger, order entry, payroll, human resources.
**Application Software**
113
* A set of programs that `controls the computer hardware` and acts as an interface with applications.
* It can control one or more computers, or they can allow `multiple users` to interact with one computer.
**Operating System (OS)**
114
This system is commonly used in a `personal` computer or a `handheld` computer that allows `one user at a time`.
**Single computer with a single user**
115
This system is typical of larger, `mainframe` computers that can accommodate `hundreds or thousands of people`, all using the computer at the same time.
**Single computer with multiple users**
116
This system is typical of a `network` of computers, such as a home network with several computers attached or a large computer network with hundreds of computers attached `around the world`.
**Multiple computers**
117
This system is typical of a number of computers with `specialized functions`, such as those that control sophisticated military aircraft, the space shuttle, and some home appliances.
**Special-purpose computers**
118
* The `heart`of the operating system, which controls the `most critical` processes.
* It ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs.
**KERNEL**
119
**PERSONAL OS**
* Microsoft PC Operating Systems
* Apple Computer Operating Systems
* Linux
120
**WORKGROUP OS**
* Windows Server
* Red Hat Linux
* UNIX
* Mac OS X Server
* NetWare
121
**ENTERPRISE OS**
z/OS
HP-UX and Linux
122
Help to perform `maintenance` or correct problems with a computer system. It also help computer systems `run better and longer` without problems.
* merge and sort sets of data,
* keep track of computer jobs being run, and
* compress files of data before they are stored or transmitted over a network .
**Utility Programs**
123
**TYPES OF UTILITY PROGRAMS**
* Hardware Utilities
* File-Compression Utilities
* Spam and Pop-Up Blocker Utilities
* Security Utilities
* Network and Internet Utilities
* Server and Mainframe Utilities
124
* A software that allows different systems to `communicate and exchange data`.
* It can also be used as an `interface between the Internet and older legacy systems` (a previous, major version that continues to be used).
**Middleware**
125
* `not` in the public domain.
* cannot be used by the public.
**Proprietary Software**
126
can be purchased or acquired in a `store`.
**Off-the-Shelf Software**
127
A `defect` in a computer program that keeps it from performing as it is designed to perform.
Some software bugs are obvious and cause the program to `terminate` unexpectedly.
Other bugs are subtler and allow errors to creep into your work.
**Software Bugs**
128
Most software products are `protected by law` using copyright or licensing provisions.
* In some cases, you are given `unlimited` use of software on `one or two` computers.
* In other cases, you `pay for your usag`e—if you use the software more, you pay more.
**Copyrights and Licenses**
129
Permits you to install the software on one computer, or sometimes two computers, `used by one person`.
**Single-user license**
130
* `Specifies the number of users` allowed to use the software, and can be installed on each user’s computer.
* For example, a 20-user license can be installed on 20 computers for 20 users.
**Multiuser license**
131
Designed for network-distributed software, this license allows `any number of users` to use the software, but `only a specific number of users to use it at the same time`.
**Concurrent-user license**
132
Permits the software to be used `anywhere on a particular site`, such as a college campus, by everyone on the site.
**Site license**
133
* Is `freely available to anyone` in a form that can be easily modified.
* Users can `download` the source code and `build` the software themselves, or the software developers can make executable versions available along with the source.
**Open-Source Software**
134
Software that is `very inexpensive or free`, but whose source code `cannot be modified`.
**Shareware and Freeware**
135
A software that is `not protected by copyright laws` and can be freely copied and used.
**Public Domain Software**
