SS 1D - Module 8-10 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
(from the German word Öffentlichkeit) is a part of social life where people come together to openly discuss important issues in society. Through these discussions, they can influence political decisions.
A
public sphere
2
Q
german word of public sphere
A
Öffentlichkeit
3
Q
The idea of the public sphere was introduced by German philosopher ______________, who described it as a “virtual or imaginary community" that doesn’t exist in a physical place
A
Jürgen Habermas
4
Q
- It is
biased informationused to influence people’s opinions and promote a specific agenda. - often
presents facts selectivelyor uses emotional language to makepeople react emotionallyrather than thinking rationally
A
Propaganda
5
Q
Propaganda Model was developed by _____________________
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Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky
6
Q
This model suggests that the mass media has built-in biases, mainly because of economic and structural reasons. Even though they first described it for the U.S. media, they believe it applies to any country with similar economic systems.
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Propaganda Model
7
Q
Epistemic Merit Model, created by
A
Sheryl Tuttle Ross
8
Q
explains propaganda using a Sender-Message-Receiver model:
* The sender (or persuader) creates the message with a specific intention.
* The message is sent through a communication channel.
* The receiver (the audience) is the target of persuasion.
A
Epistemic Merit Model
9
Q
- Came from Plato’s ideas in Ancient Greece and was used by European kings.
- In this system,
the government completely controls the media. - The goal is to
stop people from criticizing the government. - The government tells the media what to say, and only one “official” voice is heard.
- Strength: Clear decisions, better efficiency, and discipline.
- Weakness: No feedback from the public—leaders don’t really know what people think.
- Opportunity: Brings stability, peace, and security by protecting the people.
- Threat: Can cause rebellion if people get tired of being controlled.
A
Authoritarian Theory
10
Q
- Started after the
1917 Bolshevik Revolutionin Russia. - The
governmentstill controls the media, but it’s supposed towork for the people (workers) instead of rulers. - No full democracy or press freedom—m
edia supports the government. - Still used today in countries like
Cuba. - Strength: Public can give feedback to the government.
- Weakness: Media must support national interests, not personal freedom.
- Opportunity: Helps people improve their lives through education and information.
- Threat: No private media; journalists work for the government, not as watchdogs.
A
Soviet Communist Model
11
Q
-
Originated in the U.S. when people wanted freedom from monarchy rule. - Promotes freedom of the press and democracy.
-
Media is free to criticize the government and expose problems. - Strength: Media can reveal the truth, good or bad, helping prevent corruption.
- Weakness: Lack of control can lead to irresponsible journalism (like yellow journalism).
- Opportunity: Encourages a free and informed public.
- Threat: Media could damage trust between people and the government.
A
Libertarian Theory
12
Q
-
Media is privately ownedbut expected to follow ethics and responsibility. -
Press freedom is balanced with accountability to society. - Strength: Media can be questioned for sensationalism and fake news.
- Weakness: Ethics can be unclear and vary from case to case.
- Opportunity: Gives a voice to marginalized groups and ensures diversity.
- Threat: Irresponsible reporting can damage reputations and cause social conflicts.
A
Social Responsibility Theory
13
Q
- Focuses on
local media and community participation. - People have the chance to express their own views.
- Strength: Supports local culture and development, not controlled by politics.
- Weakness: Media reach is limited to small, local groups.
- Opportunity: Allows people to criticize the government in a constructive way.
- Threat: Audiences may become too demanding and picky, causing instability.
A
Democratic Participant Theory
14
Q
- Media is used to
promote national development and social change. - Aimed at
helping poor or developing countries grow and improve. - Strength: Supports education, economic growth, and cultural development.
- Weakness: Risk of media becoming government propaganda.
- Opportunity: Helps improve people’s lives in many ways.
- Threat: People may become too dependent on media and government help.
A
Development Communication Media
15
Q
-
Media chooses what news is important for the public to know. - Influences what people think about by
highlighting certain topics. - Strength: Helps focus public attention on important issues.
- Weakness: Media might ignore important stories that don’t seem newsworthy.
- Opportunity: Shapes public opinion on political, social, and economic matters.
- Threat: Can be used to manipulate people through biased coverage.
A
Agenda-Setting Media
16
Q
Media decides which information the public gets to see.- Strength: Sets a standard for what is considered important news.
- Weakness: Important information might be hidden if it doesn’t favor powerful groups.
- Opportunity: Unfiltered news can help the public better prepare for crises and emergencies.
- Threat: Filtered news can make people unaware of real problems and dependent on positive news only.
A
Gatekeeping Media
17
Q
Global Culture modernization, Westernization, and Americanization
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Modernization means making changes to keep up with present needs — it’s about being practical and flexible to adapt to progress and development.
Westernization happens when a society adopts ideas and practices from Western countries, like new ways of doing business, running governments, or making laws.
Americanization is when a person, thing, or society takes on American culture or values.
18
Q
is learning the culture you are born into — the traditions, values, and behaviors of your own society. It’s a lot like “socialization,” but specifically about culture.
A
Enculturation
19
Q
is when someone adopts parts of a different culture after being exposed to it.
For example:
A
Acculturation
20
Q
goes even further.
It happens when a person fully adopts the new culture and loses clear signs of their original culture.
A
Assimilation
21
Q
- is a
system of beliefs, values, and practices about things consideredsacred or spiritually important.
A
Religion
22
Q
- said religion is about “
things that go beyond our knowledge” and called it a unified system that connects people through shared beliefs and practices, forming a moral community (like a church).
A
Émile Durkheim
23
Q
- Started as a Jewish movement about
Jesus being the Messiah. - Became official in the Roman Empire under
Emperor Constantine(around AD 324).
A
Christianity
24
Q
- Main Beliefs of Christianity:
A
o God is the creator.
o Jesus is the Son of God and Savior.
o Humans are sinners who need redemption.
o Belief in the Holy Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
o The soul is immortal.
25
* `Oldest major religion` (over 4,000 years old).
* Started in the `Indus Valley` (modern India and Pakistan).
* About 900 million followers.
**Hinduism**
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* **Main Beliefs of Hinduism:**
o Many forms of one divine power (**main gods:** `Brahma, Vishnu`, and `Shiva`).
o Sacred books called the `Vedas`.
o `Dharma` (doing your duty) and `Karma` (actions have consequences).
o Belief in `reincarnation` (rebirth after death).
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* Founded by `Siddhartha Gautama` (the Buddha) 2,500 years ago in India.
* About 470 million followers.
**Buddhism**
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Who funded buddhism?
**Siddhartha Gautama**
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* **Main Beliefs of Buddhism:**
o `No supreme god`; focus is on reaching Enlightenment (inner peace and wisdom).
o Believe in **Nirvana** (freedom from suffering).
o Teach `Karma` (cause and effect) and `reincarnation.`
o Followers meditate and follow rules of good behavior.
o Buddhist monks live by strict rules (like celibacy).
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* Followers believe in one all-powerful God called `Allah`.
* Allah created everything and judges people based on their actions.
* `Muhammad` is considered the last prophet.
**Islam**
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**5 Pillars of Islam:**
1. Declare faith in Allah and Muhammad.
2. Pray five times a day in Arabic.
3. Give to the poor.
4. Fast during the month of Ramadan.
5. Make a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca at least once if possible.
* After death, people are judged and sent to Paradise or Hell based on their faithfulness.
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* Founded by `Confucius` in China (6th–5th centuries BCE).
* More of a `moral system than a religion` (no gods, temples, or rituals).
* **Focuses on:**
o Respect for authority and traditions.
o Good behavior and treating others kindly (called Jen).
* Teachings are collected in a book called the `Analects.`
**Confucianism**
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* Founded by `Laozi` in China (6th century BCE).
* **Main goal:** Live in harmony with the natural flow of the universe (the Tao).
* **Key Ideas:**
o Inner peace, compassion, and living moderately.
o Balance of opposite forces (Yin and Yang).
* Taoism is more spiritual compared to Confucianism, which focuses more on daily conduct.
**Taoism**
34
Most major religions teach similar values like human dignity, equality, freedom, peace, and `treating others the way you want to be treated` — known as the "______"
**Golden Rule**
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means `violence related to religion` — it could be violence caused by religious beliefs or violence against a religion.
It includes attacks on religious people, places, or events.
**Religious violence**
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can mean many things, not just physical harm — it can also be `actions that take away someone’s freedom`, intense emotions like rage, or aggressive language.
**Violence**
37
On `October 31, 2011`, the world welcomed its 7 billionth baby. In the Philippines, a baby girl named __________________________________________, born at `Fabella Hospital` in Manila, was chosen to symbolize this milestone.
**Danica May Camacho**
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reminded everyone that `many people around the world still go hungry, while a few live in luxury`.
**UN Chief Ban Ki-moon**
39
is the `study of populations`.
The three main factors that affect population are:
**Demography**
40
* (birth rate)
**Fertility**
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* (death rate)
**Mortality**
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* (movement of people)
**Migration**
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measures how many children are born.
**Fertility rate**
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measures how many children could be born.
**Fecundity**
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Sociologists also use the _____________ (number of live births per 1,000 people each year).
**crude birth rate**
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The _______________ measures the number of deaths, and _______________ is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
**Mortality rate**, **crude death rate**
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refers to people moving into or out of a country.
**Migration**
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* `Thomas Malthus` warned that the population would grow faster than food supply.
* He said "positive checks" like war, famine, and disease would control population by raising death rates.
* "Preventive checks" like birth control and celibacy lower birth rates.
* Malthus predicted disaster, but thanks to better farming, medicine, and family planning, the population has grown much more than he expected.
**Malthusian Theory**
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Who is behind the Malthusian Theory?
**Thomas Malthus**
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**Positive vs Preventive checks**
"**positive checks**" like war, famine, and disease would control population by raising death rates.
"**Preventive checks**" like birth control and celibacy lower birth rates.
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* he updated Malthus’s ideas in the 1900s.
**Paul Ehrlich**
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* `Paul Ehrlich` updated Malthus’s ideas in the 1900s.
* He said the main problem now is `environmental damage — pollution and overuse of resources`.
* Ehrlich promoted zero population growth: the idea that `births plus immigrants should equal deaths plus emigrants.`
**Zero Population Growth (ZPG)**
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* Cornucopian thinkers believe `human creativity can solve any problems`, like food shortages.
* If we need more resources, scientists and technology will find a way, just as they always have.
**Cornucopian Theory**
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**As societies develop, they go through four stages:**
1. **Stage 1:** High birth and death rates; short life expectancy (ex: 1800s USA).
2. **Stage 2:** Birth rates stay high, but death rates drop; people live longer (ex: Afghanistan today).
3. **Stage 3:** Birth rates fall as society becomes industrialized (ex: Mexico today).
4. **Stage 4:** Both birth and death rates are low; stable or shrinking population (ex: Sweden today).
55
**Future trends**
o High-fertility countries (mainly in Africa) will triple their populations by 2100.
o Intermediate-fertility countries (like the USA, India, Mexico) will grow by about 26%.
o Low-fertility countries (like China, Europe) may lose 20% of their population.
56
– one of the processes that influence the demographic structure of the country
- Act/process of `crossing the boundary of a political/administrative unit for certain minimum period.`
**Migration**
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- – physical movements by people from one area to another
**Migratio (Greek)**
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- – change of residence in same barangay
**Movement**
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- – individual who moves from one area to another
**Migrant**
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**Migration choice**
**Voluntary Choice**
o He decides to move by his choice
o Most are labor-related
o Remittances – home sent money
**Involuntary Choice**
o Refugees, people residing outiide they country of nationality, unable to return,
o Asylum-seekers
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**Types of Migration**
**Internal migration**
o Move from one area to another within one country
**International Migration**
o Crossing the frontiers which separates one of the worlds approximately 200 states from another
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**Reasons of Migration**
* Neo-Classical Theory
* Labor Migration Theory
* Migration System Theory
* Push-pull theory
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- Maximize income (frome low-income to high wage economies)
- Developing -> developed nation
**Neo-Classical Theory**
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- Maximize income and survival chance
- + secure employment
**Labor Migration Theory**
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- Collab of 2 countries to exchange migrants
**Migration System Theory**
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**`Push & pull factors of` push-pull theory**
- **Push factor**
o Poor medical care
o Famine
o Death threats
- **Pull factors**
o Better job opportunities
o Better education
o Improved living conditions
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**Special Types of Migrants**
* Irregular Migrants
* Migrant in Human Trafficking
* Diaspora and Transnationalism
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- Aka `undocumented/illegal migrant`
- Enter a country without necessary documents and permits
**Irregular Migrants**
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- Human trafficking (Trafficking-in persons)
- Prostitution, force labor, slavery, sex tourism
**Migrant in Human Trafficking**
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- Diaspora – people, and often their descendants, from a specific country who are living abroad
- Used interchangeably with transnational communities
**Diaspora and Transnationalism**
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**Refugees vs Asylum seekers**
- **Refugees** – nakatira sa ibang bansa ng legal
- **Asylum seekers** – ones who petitionto the court to be a refugee
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* They get a chance to work, earn money, and improve their skills.
* It can give them a sense of purpose and personal growth.
**Positive Effects of Migration
`For the individual (the migrant)`:**
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* Migrants often send money home, which helps improve the living conditions of their family.
* Some migrants apply for their families to join them in the new country.
**Positive Effects of Migration `For the family:`**
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* Migration helps improve economic productivity.
* It can lead to stronger trade and better relationships between countries.
**Positive Effects of Migration:
`For the country:`**
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* Being away from loved ones can cause stress or emotional strain.
* Daily life can feel disorganized or lonely.
* Even though technology helps people stay in touch, distance can still weaken family bonds.
**Negative Effects of Migration
`For individuals and families:`**
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* The country loses some of its workforce, especially skilled workers.
**Negative Effects of Migration
`For the home country:`**
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* It gains more workers, which can be helpful, but may also create pressure on housing, jobs, and services if not managed well.
**Negative Effects of Migration `For the receiving country:`**
