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HISTOPATHOLOGY > FIXATION > Flashcards

FIXATION Flashcards

trans based (75 cards)

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1
Q

killing, penetration, and hardening of tissues

A

fixation

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2
Q

first and most critical step in tissue processing

A

fixation

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3
Q

what is the purpose of fixation

A

Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell in a life-like manner as possible

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4
Q

factors affecting fixation

A

fixative of choice
time
tissue-to-fixative ratio
penetration rate
thickness of specimen
tissue components
pH
temperature

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5
Q

what is fixative of choice in fixation?

A

10% neutral buffered solution

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6
Q

time used to perform in fixation

A

20-30 mins after blood supply is cut off

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7
Q

thickness of specimen in light microscopy

A

2cm2 x 0.4cm

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8
Q

thickness of specimen in electron microscopy

A

1-2mm2

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9
Q

what tissue components have longer fixation time

A

fibrous tissue
mucus
fat
blood

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10
Q

what tissue components have shorter fixation time

A

small of loosely textures tissues (example: appendix)

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11
Q

optimal pH of fixation

A

6 to 8

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12
Q

optimal temperature

A

45 degrees celsius

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13
Q

temp for tissue processors

A

40 degrees celsius

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14
Q

temp for microwave processing

A

65 degrees celsius

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15
Q

temp for electron microscopy

A

0-4 degrees celsius

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16
Q

temp for tuberculosis

A

100 degrees celsius

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17
Q

temp for rapid biopsy

A

60 degrees celsius

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18
Q

hypertonic is?

A

cell shrinkage

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19
Q

hypotonic and isotonic is?

A

cell swelling

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20
Q

tissues are remained at what solution?

A

slightly hypertonic solution (400-450 mOsm)

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21
Q

hastens fixation

A

agitation, vacuum

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22
Q

types of fixatives based on composition

A

simple
compound

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23
Q

types of fixative based on action

A

microanatomical
cytological
histochemical

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24
Q

General study of tissues w/o
structure alteration

A

microanatomical

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25
pH is < 4-6 and has glacial acetic acid has affinity to nuclear chromatin
nuclear
26
has a pH > 4-6 and HAc destroys mitochondria and golgi bodies
cytoplasmic
27
Preserves chemical constituents if cells and tissues
histochemical
28
an aldehyde fixative that is produced by oxidation of methanol
formaldehyde
29
percent concentrations of formaldehyde in: gas form stock concentration working solution what pH level
100% 37-40% 10% pH 7
30
Best general tissue fixative; pH 7
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF)
30
Recommended for fixation of CNS tissues and general post mortem tissues for histochemical examination
10% Formol-Saline
31
what is the fixation time of NBF
4 to 24hrs
32
Recommended for routine post mortem tissues and Silver Reticulum staining methods
Formol-Corrosive (Formol Mercuric Chloride)
33
good for microincineration techniques; Fixes sputum
Gendre’s (Alcoholic Formalin)
34
For gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, prostate biopsies, and bone marrow (BM)
Hollande’s
35
Made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains; Container must be refrigerated
Glutaraldehyde
36
concentrations of glutaraldehyde for: immune electron microsopy small TSE fragments most common large TSE fragments
0.25% 2.5% 3% 4%
37
Polymer of Formalin; For ultrathin and electron microscopy
Paraformaldehyde
38
Acrolein in glutaraldehyde or formalin; For Electron Histochemistry & Electron Immunocytochemistry
Karnovsky’s Paraformaldehyde / Glutaraldehyde
39
no smudging of nuclei and distortion of staining compared with formalin
40% Aqueous Glyoxal
40
Most common metallic fixative; 5-7%
mercuric chloride
41
remedy for mercuric chloride
dekenkerization
42
Good general fixative for adequate preservation of all kinds of tissues
zenker's fluid
43
Brown pigments are removed with saturated alcoholic picric acid or NaOH
Zenker-Formol (Helly’s Solution)
44
for skin tumor biopsy; minimum cell shrinkage and tissue hardening due to counter-balance effect of acids and mercury
Heidenhain’s Susa solution
45
Recommended for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues
B-5 Fixative
46
fixation time for B-5 fixative
4-8 hours
47
Recommended for making smears of loose cells on slides
Shaudinn’s Fluid
48
Preserves carbohydrates; precipitates all protein
Chromic Acid 1-2%
49
For chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, RBC and colloid containing tissues
Regaud’s / Muller’s Fluid
50
Study of early degenerative processes and necrosis; Rickettsiae and other bacteria; Preserves myelin
Orths’ Fluid
51
Preserves lipids & mitochondria at pH 4.5 to 5.2; cytoplasm, chromatin and chromosome are fixed
Potassium Dichromate
52
Preserves acid mucopolysaccharide
lead fixatives
53
remedy for lead fixatives
add drops of acetic acid to dissolve residue
54
Normally used in strong aqueous solution (1%); Glycogen demonstration; has yellowing effect
picric acid fixatives
55
For embryo and pituitary biopsies, and tissues to be stained with Masson’s Trichrome
Bouin’s
56
Better and less messy than Bouin’s
Brasil’s Alcoholic Picroformol
57
Incorporated in compound fixatives; Destroys mitochondria and Golgi elements, thus not for cytoplasmic fixation
Glacial Acetic Acid
58
it is good and causes polarization to glycogen
alcohol fixatives
59
Most rapid tissue fixative (1-3 hrs); Fixing brain tissues for rabies diagnosis
Carnoy’s Fluid
60
Enzyme studies; does not fix but preserves glycogen
Ethanol (70 - 100%)
61
Dry and wet smears, Bone Marrow smears, bacterial smears
Methanol / Wood Alcohol (100%)
62
Touch prep smears to be Wright-stained
Isopropanol
63
For mucopolysaccharide (12-18 hrs)
Newcomer’s Fluid
64
For sputum (4 - 18hrs)
Gendre’s (Alcoholic Formalin)
65
tissue to fixative ratio of osmotic fixatives
1:5
66
Most common osmic acid fixative and is a nuclear fixative
Flemming’s Solution w/ GAC
67
a cytoplasmic fixative
Flemming’s Solution w/o GAC
68
○ Incorporated into compound fixatives ○ Marked swelling effect on tissues ○ Poor penetration thus for small pieces of tissues or bones ○ Weak decalcifying agent, this has softening effect on dense fibrous tissues
Trichloroacetic Acid
69
Use at ice cold temperature (-5 to 4oC)
Acetone
70
Involves thermal coagulation of tissue proteins for rapid diagnosis
heat fixation
71
optimum temperature for heat fixation
45-55 degrees celsius
72
To improve the demonstration of particular substances
secondary fixation
73
Technique whereby a primary fixed tissue is placed in aq. Solution of 2.5% - 3% potassium dichromate for 24hrs
post-chromatization
74
process of removing excess fixatives (washing out)
tap water 50%-70% alcohol alcohol iodine

HISTOPATHOLOGY (16 decks)

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