DECALCIFICATION

Question 1

removal of calcium and lime salts

Answer 1

decalcification

Question 2

organs that require decalcification

Answer 2

bones
tuberculous lungs
arteriosclerotic vessels
teeth
cartilage

Question 3

characteristics of a good decalcifying agent

Answer 3

Do not cause cell destruction
Rapid, cheap, inexpensive
Safe
Readily available

Question 4

unique characteristics of decalcification

Answer 4

stable
easily available
inexpensive
easy to prepare

Question 5

factors affecting rate of decalcification

Answer 5

Concentration
Tissue-to-volume ratio
Temperature
Mechanical agitation
Size and consistency of tissue sample

Question 6

four types of decalcifying agent

Answer 6

acid
chelating agents
ion exchange resin
electrophoresis

Question 7

it is the most common declacifying agent that is rapid and imparts yellow coloration in the tissue sample

Answer 7

nitric acid

Question 8

remedy of nitric acid

Answer 8

urea or sodium thiosulfate/sulfate
70% ROH (alkyl alcohol)

Question 9

what is the percentage of nitric acid

Answer 9

5-10%

Question 10

variations of nitric acid

Answer 10

10% aquoeus nitric acid solution
formol-nitric acid
perenyi’s fluid

Question 11

it acts as a tissue softener

Answer 11

perenyi’s fluid

Question 12

volume ratio of decalcification reagent

Answer 12

1;20

Question 13

fastest agent in simple or compound chemicals

Answer 13

phloroglucinol-nitric acid

Question 14

good nuclear staining at 1%, slow and causes more distortion compared to nitric acid

Answer 14

hydrochloric acid

Question 15

fluid for teeth and small bones

Answer 15

von ebner’s fluid

Question 16

composition of von ebners fluid

Answer 16

hcl + 36% nacl + distilled water

Question 17

routine decalcification of post-mortem research tissues, has a large amount of nitric acid and produces better nuclear staining and less tissue distortion

Answer 17

formic acid

Question 18

best for small bone spicules, good nuclear staining, slow and weak

Answer 18

trichloroacetic acid

Question 19

best for minute bone spicules

Answer 19

chromic acid (flemming’s fluid)

Question 20

best for minute pieces of bone

Answer 20

sulfurous acid

Question 21

ph of citric acid citrate buffered solution

Answer 21

4.5

Question 22

use of other salts to form complexes with calcium salts for ease of removal

Answer 22

chelating agents

Question 23

how long does chelating agents need to submerge for small tissue samples

Answer 23

1-3 weeks

Question 24

how long does chelating agents need to submerge for longer and dense bones

Answer 24

6-8 weeks

Question 25

pH of chelating agent to work properly

Answer 25

7-7.4

Question 26

common brand of chelating agent

Answer 26

Cal-ex and Versene

Question 27

increases solubility and remove calcium ions from formic acid

Answer 27

ion exchange resin

Question 28

attracting ions going to the cathode part of the agarose gel and due to this it saves time

Answer 28

electrophoresis