Robbins: Cell injury and Cell death

Question 1

study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease

Answer 1

pathology

Question 2

concerned in the common reactions of cells and tissues to injurious stimuli.

Answer 2

general pathology

Question 3

examines the alterations and underlying mechanisms in diseases of particular organ systems

Answer 3

systemic pathology

Question 4

initiating cause of disease

Answer 4

etiology

Question 5

sequence of molecular, bio-chemical, and cellular events that lead to the development of disease

Answer 5

pathogenesis

Question 6

predict disease progression and therapeutic responses

Answer 6

biomarkers

Question 7

structural alterations in cells or tissues that are
characteristic of a disease and hence diagnostic of an etiologic process

Answer 7

morphologic changes

Question 8

end results of genetic, biochemical, and structural changes inn cell and tissues.

Answer 8

clinical manifestation

Question 9

four aspects of a disease process

Answer 9

etiology
pathogenesis
morphologic changes
clinical manifestation

Question 10

father of modern
pathology

Answer 10

rudolf virchow

Question 11

healthy steady state

Answer 11

homeostasis

Question 12

reversible functional and
structural responses to changes in physiologic
states.

Answer 12

adaptations

Question 13

increase in size

Answer 13

hypertrophy

Question 14

increase in cell number

Answer 14

hyperplasia

Question 14

decrease in size and cell number

Answer 14

atrophy

Question 14

change in phenotype of cells

Answer 14

metaplasia

Question 14

normal and essential process in embryogenesis

Answer 14

cell death

Question 15

reduced blood flow

Answer 15

ischemia

Question 17

accidental cell death; consequence of severe injury

Answer 17

necrosis

Question 18

regulated cell death; induced by a tightly regulated suicide program

Answer 18

apoptosis

Question 19

nutrient deprivation triggers an adaptive cellular response; cell eats its own contents

Answer 19

autophagy

Question 20

calcium deposited at
sites of cell death

Answer 20

pathologic calcification

Question 21

deficiency of oxygen

Answer 21

hypoxia

Question 22

mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature, etc.

Answer 22

physical agents

Question 23

submicroscopic viruses to tapeworms several feet in length.

Answer 23

infectious agents

Question 24

defense against infectious pathogens

Answer 24

immunologic reactions

Question 25

cause cell injury because of deficient protein function.

Answer 25

genetic abnormalities

Question 26

major causes of cell injury

Answer 26

nutritional imbalances

Question 27

Functional and structural alterations in early stages or mild forms of injury

Answer 27

reversible injury

Question 28

earliest manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.

Answer 28

cellular swelling

Question 29

some forms of necrosis are genetically controlled through a defined molecular pathway.

Answer 29

necroptosis

Question 30

show increased eosinophilia in H&E stains.

Answer 30

necrotic cells

Question 31

dead cells replaced by large whorled phospholipid precipitates.

Answer 31

myelin figures

Question 32

nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia

Answer 32

pyknosis

Question 33

loss of DNA because of enzymatic degradation by endonucleases.

Answer 33

karyolysis

Question 34

pyknotic nucleus undergoues fragmentation

Answer 34

karyorrhexis

Question 35

form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for a span of at least some days.

Answer 35

coagulative necrosis

Question 36

localized area of coagulative necrosis

Answer 36

infarct

Question 37

digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a viscous fluid.

Answer 37

liquefactive necrosis

Question 38

focal areas of fat destruction

Answer 38

fat necrosis

Question 38

necrotic material is frequently creamy yellow because of the presence of leukocytes.

Answer 38

pus

Question 39

focus of inflammation

Answer 39

granuloma

Question 40

not a specific pattern of cell death; giving rise to wet gangrene

Answer 40

gangrenous necrosis

Question 40

derived from the friable white appearance of the area of necrosis

Answer 40

caseous necrosis

Question 41

special form of vascular damage usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels.

Answer 41

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 41

controlled by the action of a small number of genes and is required for normal embryogenesis.

Answer 41

programmed cell death

Question 41

activation of enzymes as a result of apoptosis

Answer 41

caspases

Question 41

caspases become catalytically active and unleash a cascade of other caspases

Answer 41

initiation phase

Question 42

terminal caspases trigger cellular fragmentation

Answer 42

execution phase

Question 43

responsible for apoptosis in most physiologic and pathologic situations

Answer 43

mitochondrial pathway

Question 44

gene that is frequently overexpressed due to chromosomal translocations and other aberrations in certain B cell lymphomas

Answer 44

BCL2

Question 44

binds to caspase-9, the critical initiator caspase of the mitochondrial pathway

Answer 44

apoptosome

Question 44

contain a cytoplasmic domain involved in protein-protein interactions.

Answer 44

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 44

essential for delivering apoptotic signals; their function is to activate inflammatory cascades.

Answer 44

death domain

Question 45

best known receptor, its related protein is Fas (CD95)

Answer 45

Type 1 TNF receptor (TNFR1)

Question 46

expressed on T cells that recognize self antigens and functions to eliminate selfreactive lymphocytes

Answer 46

Fas ligand (FasL)

Question 47

kill virus-infected and tumor cells

Answer 47

CTLs

Question 47

cytoplasmic death domains form a binding site for an adaptor protein

Answer 47

Fas-associated death domain (FADD)

Question 47

activates the initiator caspase-9

Answer 47

Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Question 48

activates caspase-8 and caspase-10

Answer 48

Extrinsic death receptor pathway

Question 48

what are the two execution phase of apoptosis?

Answer 48

Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway Extrinsic death receptor pathway

Question 49

dead cells disappear, often within minutes, without leaving a trace

Answer 49

Efferocytosis