Flagellates Flashcards
1
Q
What subphylum flagellates belong to?
A
Subphylum Mastigophora
2
Q
Under Subphylum
Mastigophora
A
Class Zoomastigophora
3
Q
What is under Class Zoomastigophora?
A
- Intestinal and Urogentinal Flagellates
- Hemoflagellates
4
Q
Flagelates present in the blood, other bodily fluids and tissues
A
Hemoflagellates
5
Q
Where can you find Trichomonas vaginalis?
A
Urogenital area
5
Q
All flagellates inhabit the large intestine or colon except?
A
- Giardia lamblia
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Trichomonas tenax
6
Q
Where can you find the Gargia Lamblia?
A
small intestine
7
Q
Where can you find Trichomonas tenax?
A
mouth or oral cavity
8
Q
All are commensals except?
A
- Giardia lamblia
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
8
Q
All flagellates undergo encystation except?
A
Trichomonas spp.
9
Q
Flagellates undergo asexual reproduction through _____________?
A
binary fission
10
Q
Synonyms for Giardia lamblia
A
- Giardia duodenalis
- Giardia intestinalis
11
Q
What is the final host of G. lamblia?
A
Man
12
Q
Aside from humans, where can you find G. lamblia?
A
Animals (eg. beaver)
13
Q
Habitat of G. lamblia?
A
Small intestine (Duodenum and jejunum)
13
Q
MOT of G.lamblia?
A
Ingestion of infective cyst
14
Q
Has a low infective dose
A
G. lamblia
15
Q
Means even if you ingested a few ammount if cyst, you can get an infection
A
Low infective host
15
Q
How many cyst you only need t ingest to get infected of G. lamblia?
A
approx. 8-10 cysts
16
Q
Associated with the outbreaks of diarrhea, in daycare centers, nursing homes because it has a low infective host.
A
G. lamblia
17
Q
What syndrome is G. lamblia associated with?
A
Gay Bowel Syndrome
18
Q
Common among groups of people practicing certain sexual activities or oral; fecal activities?
A
G. lamblia
19
Q
Giardia Lamblia: Life Cycle
A
- Ingestion of mature cyst
- Excystation in small intestine
- Trophozoite will undergo longitudinal binary fission
- Encystation
- Cyst will be released in stool (trophozoite if water/mucoid /diarrheic stool)
20
Q
Infective stage of G. lamblia
A
cyst
21
Diagnostic stage of G. lamblia
Cyst and Trophozoite
22
Appearance of G. lamblia cyst
oval with clear outer wall
23
What do you call the clear outer wall of G. lamblia?
Hyaline cyst wall
24
How many nuclei does G.lamblias cyst have?
2 - 4
25
Inside the nucleus there is a large prominent karyosome.
G. lamblia cyst
26
Other structures present in G. lamblia
- axoneme
- parabasal (median) bodies
27
How may parabasal (median) bodies does G. lamblia cyst has?
2
28
Energizing structure of G. lamblia
Parabasal (median) bodies
29
Motility of G. lambli Trophozoite
Falling leaf
29
Shape of G. lamblia trophozoites
- pear/pyriform shape
- Billateraly symmetrical
30
Means it has 2 equal sides
Bilaterallly symmetrical
31
Appearance of G. lamblia trophozoite
- Old Man's face with glasses appearance
- Slightly curved can be observed; spoon-like
32
Number of nuclei of G. lamblia trophozoites
2
33
What is present in both nuclei of G. lambli trophozoite?
karyosome
34
Stucture of G. lambia trophozoite for support and structure.
Axoneme
35
Appearance of median bodies in G. lamblia trophozoites
claw-hammer
36
How many flagellates does G. lamblia troph have?
8
37
location of flagellates in G. lamblia troph?
(2) ventral
(4) lateral
(2) caudal
38
A virulence factor that G.lamblia uses for attachment in small intestine.
Ventral sucking disk
39
How many Ventral sucking disk G. lamblia have?
2
40
Attachment of Ventral sucking disc to the lining of small intestine prevents ____________
absorption of nutrients
(malabsorption)
41
Where can you observe the motility of G. lambli troph?
NSS solution
42
The disease of Giardia lamblia:
- Giardiasis
- Traveller's Diarrhea
- Backpacker's Diarrhea
- Beaver Fever
43
Found in places where water is not properly sanitized
G. lamblia
44
What are the important reservoir host for G. lambli
Beavers
45
Incubation period of Giardiasis
1-4 weeks ( 9 days ave.)
46
After incubation period, patient will have:
- explosive water diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- excessive flatus
46
If giardiasis is not treated, patient will develop _______________
Chronic diarrhea (chronic infection)
47
abundant fats in stool
due to malabsorption
Steatorrhea
47
Symptoms of chronic diarrhea
■ Recurrence of loose foul smelling
stools (ex. smells like rotten eggs)
■ Steatorrhea
■ Weight loss
■ Malaise
■ Low grade fever
48
G. lamblia will alter the mucosal lining because of:
- Ventral Sucker Disk
- Lectin
48
the main/major
virulence factor of G. lamblia
Ventral Sucker Disk
49
another factor; used also by G. lamblia for attachment
Lectin
50
G. lamblia will lead to:
- Villous Flattening
- Crypt Hypertrophy
51
means flattening of villi
which is important for absorption
Villous Flattening
52
Villous Flattening and Crypt
Hypertrophy will lead to
Malabsorption and
Maldigestion
53
The parasite can also hide or evade from the immune system/response by the use of _______
VSPs (Variant Surface Proteins)
54
Giardia Lamblia: Pathology
- Low infective dose
- Alteration of mucosal lining
- Leads to Villous Flattening and Crypt Hypertrophy
- Presence of VSP (Variant surface Proteins)
55
What kind of disease is Giargia Lamblia?
Zoonotic Disease
56
G. lamblia is prevalent among ________
Humans
57
Groups of G. lamblia present in humans
Assemblage A&B
57
What will you do to differentiate Assemblage A from B?
Molecular techniques
58
Manner of collection of specimen for G. lamblia diagnosis
collect at least 3 specimens on alternate day in a span of 10 days
59
Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis
- DFS
- Concentration techniques
- Stained smears
- Entero-test; Duodenal aspirates
- Serology; Mechanical testing
- Biopsy
60
For comfirmation
| Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis
Permanent stain smear
61
Other name for Entero-test
Baele's string test
61
In Entero-test how many hours will you wait after you swallow the capsule with a string
4 hours
62
If you have symptoms for G. lamblia but negative in test you doctor will request a ___________
Entero-test
63
Where is the loose-end of the string taped in entero-test?
cheek
64
In entero-test what indicates the capsule reach the intestines
green color of capsule
65
In entero-test, what will you do after pulling the capsule?
prepare a wet mount and look for trophozoites
66
For detection of antibodies
| Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis
Serological testing
67
Treatment for G. lamblia
Metronidazole
68
G. lamblia cyst are resistant and cannot be killed by _________
ordinary chlorination
68
Prevention and control for G. lamblia
- wash hands
- proper sanitation and hygine
- Use clean water
- Use Iodine to disinfect water
69
Can be effective to disinfect water
Iodine
70
Formerly classified as an ameba, but it is more closely related to flagellates
Dientamoeba fragilis
71
Dientamoeba fraginalis is now ____________ because of the presence of pseudopodia in the trophozoite stage
Amoeboflagellate
72
Has no visible flagella
Dientamoeba fragilis
73
Habitat of DIentamoeba fragilis
colon
74
MOT of Dientamoeba fragilis
Oral fecal route
75
Infective Stage of Dientamoeba fragilis
- trophozoite (common)
- cyst
76
The trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis is usually ingested together with ingestion of ___________________ or ____________
- parasitic eggs
- Helminth eggs
77
Once Dientamoeba fragilis is ingested, it will undergo?
BInary fission
77
It is postulated that people who acquire Dientamoeba also acquire _____ and even __________ because
the transmission occurs together with the ingestion of helminth eggs.
- Ascaris
- Enterobius
78
Dientamoeba fragilis Trophozoites are found in the large intestine or colon and will then be seen in the _____.
faeces
78
Number of Dientamoeba fragilis troph nuclei
2
79
Appearance of Dientamoeba fragilis troph karyosome
rossette-like
79
Appearance of Pseudopodia of D. fragilis troph
- Angular, serrated
(jagged;parang may ngipin)
- lobed
80
Movement of D. fragilis
Non-progressive
81
symptoms
| Dientamoeba fragilis: Disease Manifestation
- intermittent diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- anorexia
- nausea
- vomiting
- fatigue
- weight loss
- Anal Pruritus
82
Anal Itching
Anal Pruritus
83
Dientamoeba fragilis: Laboratory Diagnosis
- Stool Examination
- Permanent stained smear
- Serologic Testing
- Molecular testing
84
Prefered laboratory diagnosis for D. fragilis
Permanent stained smear
85
Commensal parasite of the colon (large intestine)
Chilomastix mesnili
85
This parasite is fragile and easily destroyed
D. Fragilis
86
Dientamoeba fragilis: Treatment
Iodoquinol
87
Worldwide distribution
Chilomastix mesnili
87
Chilomastix mesnili: Life Cycle
1. ingestion of cyst (contaminated food or water)
2. Excystation in small intestine
3. BInary fission in colon
4. Trophozoite and cyst in stool
88
Shape of Chilomastix mesnili cyst
Nipple shaped/lemon
88
Extremely small parasite (10 um)
Chilomastix mesnili cyst
89
The protruding structure in C. mesnili cyst
Hyaline Knob
89
Max nucleus of C. mesnili cyst
1
90
Structure of C. mesnili that resemebles "shepherd's crook"
Cystosomal fibril
91
Shape of C. mesnili Troph
Pear shaped/pyriform
asymmetrical
92
How many flagella C. mesnili have?
4
93
Location of flagella of C. mesnili
- 3 anterior
- 1 near cytosome
94
Is considered the mouth of C. mesnili troph
Cytostome
95
The cystosome of C. mesnili troph has a _______
Cytosomal fibril
96
Can be found in the posterior of C. mesnili troph
Spiral groove
96
Appearance of C. mesnili troph
twisted jaw
97
Motility of C. mesnili troph
Boring/Rotary/Corkscrew Motility
98
Habitat of Enteromonas hominis
Large intestin
99
MOT of Enteromonas hominis
Ingestion of cyst
100
Shape of Enteromonas hominis troph
oval
101
Number of Enteromonas hominis flagella
4
101
Max nuclei of Enteromonas hominis troph
1
102
No cytosome present
Enteromonas hominis troph
102
Flagella location of Enteromonas hominis
- 3 anterior
- 1 posterior
103
Motility of Enteromonas hominis
Jerky
104
Number of nuclei of Enteromonas cyst
2-4
105
Location of Enteromonas hominis nucleus
opposite end of cyst
106
Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis cyst cytosomal fibril
Bird's beak
107
Retortamonas intestinalis MOT
Ingestion of cyst
107
Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis cyst
Pear-shaped
Slightly lemon shape
108
Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis troph cytosome
cleft like
109
Number of flagella in Retortamonas intestinalis
2
109
Non-cyst flagellates:
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Pentatrichomonas hominis
- Trichomonas tenax
110
Location of Retortamos intestinalis flagella
- 1 anterior
- 1 posterior
111
Intestinal Flagelates:
- Gardia lamblia
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Chilomastix mesnili
- Enteromonas hominis
- Retortamonas intestinalis
111
Trichonomas vaginalis can cause _________
Trichomoniasis
( an STI/STD)
111
A pathogenic trichomonas
Trichomonas vaginalis
112
Habitat for Trichomonas vaginalis
Urogenital region
- prostate gland (males)
- Vagina (females)
113
MOT of Trichomonas vaginalis
- Intimate contact
- Infant delivery
- Contaminated towels/underware
114
Reproduction of Trichomonas vaginalis
Longitudinal binary fission
115
Number of T. vaginalis flagella
3-5
115
In Trichomonas vaginalis, infant delivery may result to _________
Pneumonia
116
Shape of T. vaginalis
Pear-shaped
116
Max nucleus of T. vaginalis
1
117
Does T. vaginalis have cytosome?
Yes
117
Structure of T. vaginalis for support
Axostyle
118
Wave-like structure of T. vaginalis. Assist in motility or parasite movement
Undulating membrane
119
Consist the 1/2 of T. vaginalis body length
Undulating membrane
120
Connecting the undulating membrane to the body of the T. vaginalis trophozoite
Costa
121
Rib-like/rod-like structure of T. vaginalis
Costa
121
It is only found in T. vaginalis
Siderophil granules
122
Motility of T. vaginalis
Jerky tumbling motility
123
Largest among the 3 species of Trichomonas
Trichonomas vaginalis
123
Incubation period for T. vaginalis
4-28 days
124
Disease Manifestations of T. vaginalis
- vaginal pruritus
- Mucopurulent Discharge
- Dysuria
- Atypical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Strawberry cervix
- neonatal Pnuemonia
125
Appearance of Mucopurulent
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Frothy, yellow or green
125
- Painful Urination
- lower abdominal pain
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Dysuria
126
Can lead to sterility in females
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Atypical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
126
Cervix would be very red and would appear like seeds of strawberry
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Strawberry cervix
127
Disease manifestation of T. vaginalis in males
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
- Asymptomatic (common)
- Non-gonococcal urethritis, epidydymitis, and prostatitis
127
Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
- Binding to vaginal epithelial cells
- Immune evasion
- Cysteine Proteinases
- Cell detaching factor
- Alkaline pH
128
Binding to vaginal epithelial cells using enzymes
called ______
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
ADHESINS
128
Surface coating with host proteins, shedding of parasite proteins
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
Immune evasion
129
Causes the morphology of the epithelial cells to change
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
Cell detatching factor
129
If the the pH is ___________ it will promote infection
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
129
A cause of STD infections worldwide
T. vaginalis
130
Only natural host of T. vaginalis
Humans
131
T. vaginalis increase susceptibility of _________ due to inflammation
HIV
131
T. vaginalis has a symbitiotic relationship with ___________
Mycoplasma hominis
132
Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
* Wet mounts of Vaginal and urethral Discharge (urine)
* Stained Smears (Giemsa or Pap’s)
* Culture
* Antigen Detection
* Serology
* Molecular Methods
133
Trichomonas vaginalis: Treatment
- Metronidazole
- Tinidazole
133
Trichomonas vaginalis: Prevention and Control
- monogamous relationship
- abstinence
133
Culture
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
- Diamond Modified Medium.
- Feinberg Whittington
- Cysteine Peptone Liver Maltose
- Simplified Trypticase Serum Semen Culture
134
The Gold Standard for Trichomonas
vaginalis
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
Culture
134
○ More rapid result
○ Involves detection of the antigens of the
parasite
| Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
Antigen Detection
135
related to Trichomonas vaginalis but is
non-pathogenic
Pentatrichomonas hominis
136
Habitat of Pentatrichomonas hominis
colon
137
Number of Pentatrichomonas hominis
3-5
138
Size of P. hominis undulating membrane
Full body length
139
Does Pentatrichomonas hominis have peripheral chromatin?
NO
140
Movement of P. hominis
Jerky
141
Laboratory Diagnosis
for P. hominis
Stool Examination
141
Occurs mostly in children
Pentatrichomonas hominis
142
Smallest among the 3 trichomonas
Trichomonas tenax
143
Habitat of T. tenax
Mouth (Tartar of teeth)
144
MOT of T. tenax
Direct contact or use of contaminated glass or dishes
145
Specimen for T. tenax
Mouth scrapings
146
Generally harmless, but there are reports of __________ and ____________ in
cancer patients or other lung diseases.
- respiratory infections
- thoracic abscesses
147
Size of Undelating membrane of T. Tenax
2/3 of body length
148
Motility of T. tenax
Jerky or tumbling
