Phylum Apicoplexa-plasmodium Flashcards by VERNARD DOMINIC ALOYON

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

They are found inside the host cell

Intracellular Protozoans

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

They have a specialized organelle called the

apical
complex

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

The apical complex is used for __________.

invasion

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

The parasite uses this structure to gain entry
to the host cell.

apical complex

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

They have a more complicated life cycle because it involves a _________ and __________ phase

sexual and asexual

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

class

Sporozoa

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

Suborder

Haemosporina

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

most important parasitic
infection of man.

Malaria

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

causative agent of Malaria genus

plasmodium

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

Five members of the genus infect humans. They are as follows:

○ Plasmodium falciparum
○ Plasmodium vivax
○ Plasmodium ovale
○ Plasmodium malariae
○ Plasmodium knowlesi

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Plasmodium Overview

It is the most virulent among all Plasmodium and most prevalent in PH

Plasmodium falciparum

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Plasmodium Overview

Malaria is prevalent where in PH?

Palawan

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Plasmodium Overview

is also found in neighboring Asian countries

Plasmodium falciparum

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Plasmodium Overview

It is also prevalent in Africa

Plasmodium falciparum

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Plasmodium Overview

It is most prevalent worldwide and most wide spread

Plasmodium vivax

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Plasmodium Overview

It is the least common and least pathogenic; found in west Africa and South Pacific

Plasmodium ovale

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Plasmodium Overview

It is found in subtropical areas and temperate areas; some cases in the Philippines

Plasmodium malariae

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Plasmodium Overview

It is zoonotic, meaning, it primarily infects animals
(monkeys).

Plasmodium knowlesi

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Plasmodium Overview

Plasmodium knowlesi,
Aside from being a causative agent of Malaria among
monkeys, called ___________

“Siminian Malaria”

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Plasmodium Overview

It is now considered capable of infecting humans.

Plasmodium knowlesi

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Plasmodium Overview

Plasmodium knowlesi have cases in ________

Southeast Asia (Malaysia and Philippines)

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Plasmodium Overview

There are cases of knowlesi in the __________ province

Palawan

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Generalities

Undergoes alternating sexual (called __________) and
asexual stages (called _______) in its life cycle

sporogony
schizogony

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Generalities

Sporogony will happen in the ________

final host

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# Generalities Schizogony will happen in the

intermediate host

# Generalities Transmitted by the bite of a mosquito called _________

Female Anopheles Mosquito

# Generalities when does the Female Anopheles mosquito bite?

night

# Generalities In the Philippines, the primary vector that transmits malaria is the __________

Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris

# Generalities What gender of mosquitoes are able to bite humans and other animals

Female

# Generalities Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris prefers breeding in __________ where there is less pollution and slow flowing streams.

forested areas

# Generalities The female mosquito would need blood for their _________

ovulation process

# Generalities when does mosquito transmits the infection

During the blood meal

# Generalities Intermediate Host

Man

# Generalities Final Host

Mosquito

# Generalities Habitat

Liver and RBC of Humans

# Generalities Infective Stage to Mosquito

Gametocytes

# Generalities Infective Stage to Man (transmission stage)

Sporozoites

# Generalities Mode of Transmission

- Mosquito Bite - Blood Transfusion - Congenital

# Plasmodium Life Cycle The sporozoite is a foreign substance to the human body; in order for it to survive and not be destroyed by the immune system, within ________, the sporozoite will hide or find its way to the liver cells.

30-40 mins

# Plasmodium Life Cycle Inside the liver cells, the sporozoites will undergo ______

asexual reproduction

# Plasmodium Life Cycle Eventually, the schizont inside the liver cell will rupture to release the merozoites. They may be three scenarios that could happen:

1. release of merozoites can infect other liver cells 2.They will be then called dormant/inactive stages (hypnozoites). 3.Merozoites would find its way to the bloodstream

# Plasmodium Life Cycle hypnozoites are possible in the life cycle of ________ and _______

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale.

# Plasmodium Life Cycle Once the merozoite infects the RBC, it would metabolize substances of the RBC such as:

- iron - hemoglobin - sugar

# Plasmodium Life Cycle It is called ring form because of the presence of a _________ and _____________ when seen in the microscope

- ring of cytoplasm - chromatin dot

# Plasmodium Life Cycle The changes of gametocytes into gametes depend on the ______ and ___________ in the gut of the mosquito

- temperature - pH

# Plasmodium Life Cycle where does gametocytes transform into gametes (microgametes and macrogametes)

gastrointestinal tract of mosquito

# Plasmodium Life Cycle A gut of a mosquito has a ________ pH and ______ temperature.

- higher - lower

# Plasmodium Life Cycle In the case of microgamete will undergo _________, meaning, flagella are released.

exflagellation

# Plasmodium Life Cycle how many flagella are released during exflagellation of microgamete

Eight (8)

# Plasmodium Life Cyclev the process where The microgamete and macrogamete will fuse together as their sexual reproduction

sporogony

# Plasmodium Life Cycle The fusion of these two gametes will form the _________

Zygote

# Plasmodium Life Cycle This zygote will become an elongated and motile structure, which is eventually called the _______

ookinete

# Plasmodium Life Cycle penetrates the gut of the mosquito.

ookinete

# Plasmodium Life Cycle Once the ookinete penetrates the gut, it will now become the ________

oocyst

# Plasmodium Life Cycle is a more rounded structure that contains sporozoites.

oocyst

# Plasmodium Life Cycle This oocyst will find its way in the ________ and ________ and will burst and release sporozoite.

- salivary gland - proboscis

# Plasmodium Life Cycle straw-like; elongated structure in a mosquito

proboscis

# Vectors of Malaria Primary mosquito vector in the country

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

# Vectors of Malaria peak biting time of Anopheles minimus flavirostris

10pm - 2am

# Vectors of Malaria Anthropophilic and zoophilic

- Anopheles minimus flavirostris - Anopheles litoralis

# Vectors of Malaria this means it bites man

Anthropophilic

# Vectors of Malaria this means it bites animals

Zoophilic

# Vectors of Malaria bites indoors and outdoors

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

# Vectors of Malaria Transmits malaria in hilly or in high altitudes

Anopheles maculatus

# Vectors of Malaria Prefers sunlight

Anopheles maculatus

# Vectors of Malaria Zoophilic (bites animals)

Anopheles maculatus

# Vectors of Malaria Transmits malaria in coastal areas

Anopheles litoralis

# Vectors of Malaria Larvae breeds in salt or brackish (salt and fresh mix ) waters

Anopheles litoralis

# Vectors of Malaria prefer biting outdoors

- Anopheles litoralis - Anopheles maculatus

# Vectors of Malaria Prefer breeding in forest fringe (edge/laylayan) areas

Anopheles mangyanus

# Vectors of Malaria Quite similar to A. flavirostris

Anopheles mangyanus

# Vectors of Malaria Forest species

Anopheles balabacensis

# Vectors of Malaria Prefer biting man (anthropophilic)

Anopheles balabacensis

# Vectors of Malaria Larvae found in stagnant water, hoof prints, and dug wells

Anopheles balabacensis

# Vectors of Malaria The secondary vector of Malaria in the country

Anopheles balabacensis

# Vectors of Malaria The primary mosquito vector in Africa

Anopheles gambiae

# Vectors of Malaria Best mosquito vector

Anopheles gambiae

# Vectors of Malaria have longer lifespan, meaning, more chances of transmitting parasites to humans.

Anopheles gambiae

# Vectors of Malaria Primarily bites humans (Anthropophilic)

Anopheles gambiae

# Vectors of Malaria Breeding areas are near areas where humans live

Anopheles gambiae

# Diagnosis of Malaria What kind of blood are colleceted

capillary blood

# Diagnosis of Malaria Process:

(1) collect capillary blood (2) prepare thick and thin smear (3) stain with giemsa stain

# Diagnosis of Malaria Diagnostic stages:

- The ring form - trophozoite stage - schizont - gametocytes

# Plasmodium Species It causes Malignant Tertian Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum

Malignant: Most virulent

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum Paroxysmal cycle

Tertian: (36-48 hours)

In an active case of malaria, an infected patient will experience ________.

paroxysms

Paroxysms is a phase where patients will experience a sequential phase of (in this particular order):

■ Chills ■ Fever ■ Sweating/Diaphoresis

infects all forms of RBC.

Plasmodium falciparum

The appearance/presence of schizont in a blood smear indicates poor prognosis

Plasmodium falciparum Schizont

The size of the infected RBC is still normal.

Plasmodium falciparum

In Plasmodium falciparum, The gametocyte will grow and develop inside the RBC, and eventually destroy the RBC. The remnant of the RBC is called the _______

Laveran bib

Causes Benign Tertian Malaria

Plasmodium vivax

Paroxysms cycle of Plasmodium vivax

Tertian: 44-48 hours

The parasite prefers infecting young RBCs

- Plasmodium vivax - Plasmodium ovale

These young RBCs are called _________

reticulocytes

Quartan Malaria

Plasmodium malariae

Paroxysmal cycle of Paroxysmal cycle

Quartan: 72 hours

Prefers to infect old RBCs

old RBCs

These old RBCs are called

senescent RBCs

Mostly are trophozoites and schizont are found, there are few rings and gametocytes

Plasmodium malariae