Hookworms Flashcards
1
Q
Two primary intestinal hookworm species:
A
○ Ancylostoma duodenale
○ Necator americanus
2
Q
Final Host
A
Man
3
Q
MOT
A
Skin penetration
- undergoes Heart-lung Migration
For Ancylostoma:
- transmammary (breast milk)
- transplacental
4
Q
Habitat
A
small intestine
5
Q
Infective Stage
A
L3 filariform larva
6
Q
Diagnostic Stage
A
Hookworm Eggs
7
Q
Species
Identification
A
dental pattern/buccal cavity
8
Q
eggs are ____________
A
indistinguishable
9
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Common Name
A
Old World Hookworm
10
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Prevalence
A
Found in European Countries
11
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Shape
A
C-shaped curvature
12
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Lifespan
A
5-7 years
12
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Color
A
In fresh specimens, they are colored as
pinkish or creamy grey
13
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Egg Productio
A
Females produce more or less 3000
eggs (value varies depending on
reference)
14
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Comparison
A
Ancylostoma duodenale is bigger than
Necator americanus
15
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Female worm; tail is ______ and has a mouth
A
pointed
16
Q
Ancylostoma duodenale
Male worm; has a _________ and a mouth
A
copulatory bursa
17
Q
Necator americanus
Common Name
A
New World Hookworm/American
Murderer
18
Q
Necator americanus
Prevalence
A
Found in tropical areas
19
Q
Necator americanus
Size
A
Smaller than Ancylostoma
duodenale
20
Q
Necator americanus
Shape
A
S-shaped curvature
21
Q
Necator americanus
Color
A
It may appear as greyish yellow with
reddish undertone
22
Q
Necator americanus
Lifespan
A
4-20 Years
23
Q
Necator americanus
Dental Pattern
A
No teeth but
semilunar cutting
plates are visible
24
# Necator americanus
Copulatory
Bursa (found in
the male)
Bipartite/bidigitate
dorsal ray
25
# Necator americanus
Spicule (male)
barbed and fuzed
together
26
# Ancylostoma duodenale
Spicule (male)
plain and bristle
like
26
# Ancylostoma duodenale
Copulatory
Bursa (found in
the male)
Tripartite/trudigitate dorsal rays
26
# Ancylostoma duodenale
Dental Pattern
Has 2 pairs of
teeth
26
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
It is the feeding stage
Rhabditiform Larva (L1 larva)
27
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
It is quite stout
Rhabditiform Larva
(L1 larva)
28
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
Check the _______ to identify L1 Larva
| Rhabditiform Larva
buccal capsule
29
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
Take note of the length: the buccal capsule is _______ than the width of the larva
| Rhabditiform Larva
longer
30
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
A small _________ is present in L1 larva of hookworms
| Rhabditiform Larva
genital primordium
31
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
Infective Stage
Filariform Larva (L3 larva)
32
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
Close mouth stage
Filariform Larva (L3 larva)
33
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
Slender compared to L1 Larva
Filariform Larva (L3 larva)
34
# Hookworms: Larval Stages
On the posterior part, tail is _______ and the larva is
__________
| Filariform Larva (L3 larva)
- pointed
- sheathed
35
# Hookworm: Eggs
Thick or Thin shelled?
Thin-shelled
36
# Hookworm: Eggs
round structures inside the egg
Blastomere
37
# Hookworm: Eggs
Also called Morula ball formation
Blastomere
38
# Hookworm: Eggs
____ developing cells are found in a single
egg
| Blastomere
2 - 8
39
# Hookworm: Eggs
It can be found and recovered in the ____ of infected patients
stool
40
# Hookworm: Eggs
Just like Ascaris and Trichuris, hookworms are soil transmitted helminths and the eggs __________ in the soil.
embryonates
41
# Hookworm: Eggs
_________ are recovered in the stools of patients.
Unembryonated eggs
42
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
Get the infection if _____ penetrates the skin
L3 Larva
43
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
__________ secreted by the L3 larva may allow penetration of larva to the skin and eventually end up into the bloodstream
Hyaluronidase
44
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
From the bloodstream, the parasite would undergo
___________
heart lung migration.
45
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
Larva will become mature worms found in the ___________ until they become adults.
small intestine
46
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
Male and Female worms will undergo reproduction and release _________
unembryonated eggs.
47
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
Once the unembrynated eggs are in the soil, they will embryonated for _______ and the L1 larva would
be released
1 to 2 days
48
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
Hookworms prefer embryonating in __________
sandy
loam soil
49
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
Egg will hatch into an _________ and will become an _____ in the soil ready to infect another host
- L1 larva
- L3 larva
50
# Hookworm: Life Cycle
When reporting, only write it as
“Hookworm Eggs”
51
# Hookworm: Pathology
3 Phases:
1. Cutaneous Phase
2. Pulmonary Phase
3. Intestinal Phase
52
# Hookworm: Pathology
Pulmonary Phase:
Wakana’s Disease
(Pneumonitis)
52
# Hookworm: Pathology
Cutaneous Phase:
Ground itch
(Allergic Reaction)
or Dew Itch
53
# Hookworm: Pathology
Intestinal Phase:
- Blood Loss (IDA)
- Abdominal Pain
- Diarrhea
- Eosinophilia
54
# Hookworm: Pathology
Happens during the larval penetration of the
skin
Cutaneous Phase
55
# Hookworm: Pathology
would usually appear as redness or rash on
the skin (a papular rash)
Cutaneous Phase
55
# Hookworm: Pathology
It would be seen at the soles of the feet or in
between the toes.
Cutaneous Phase
56
# Hookworm: Pathology
The redness is caused by the allergic
reaction against the larvae antigens of the parasite
Cutaneous Phase
56
# Hookworm: Pathology
This disease is also a type of Pneumonitis that is quite similar to Ascaris due to the migrating larva
Pulmonary Phase
57
# Hookworm: Pathology
Elevation of Eosinophils
Pulmonary Phase
58
# Hookworm: Pathology
Respiratory manifestations
Pulmonary Phase
59
# Hookworm: Pathology
Presence of Charcot Leyden crystals in the
sputum specimen
Pulmonary Phase
60
# Hookworm: Pathology
Attributed to the adult worms. The adult hookworm will attach to the small intestines and suck blood – leading to blood loss.
Intestinal Phase
61
# Hookworm: Pathology
Chronic cases can lead to:
| Intestinal Phase
■ Iron Deficiency Anemia
■ low hemoglobin count
■ Red cells would become
microcytic
■ Color would be hypochromic
(paler in color)
62
# Hookworm: Pathology
Some conditions such as ___________ and __________ can exacerbate the manifestations – more blood loss
pregnancy and menstruation
63
Hookworm: Treatment
- Albendazole
- Mebendazole
- Pyrantel Pamoate
64
# Hookworm: Pathology
More blood loss will be encountered if infected with ___________ due to its large size.
Ancylostoma duodenale
65
Hookworm: Diagnosis
● DFS
● Kato-Katz
● Concentration Techniques (FECT)
● Baermann Technique
65
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
It can be for the determination of the
intensity of infection
Kato-Katz
66
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Quantifies the eggs per gram
Kato-Katz
67
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
For the recovery of eggs
Concentration Techniques (FECT)
68
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
For recovery of larvae
Baermann Technique
69
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
It make use of a Baermann funnel
Baermann Technique
70
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
this has a gauze and a wire mesh (cheesecloth is an alternative for the gauze)
Baermann funnel
71
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
can examine more amounts of stool vs.
Harada Mori Technique
Baermann funnel
71
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
can examine larval stages of Strongyloides
Baermann funnel
72
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
can also examine soil
Baermann funnel
73
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
In the gauze, __________ will be put inside. You will tali and put it inside the funnel
| Baermann Technique Steps
fecal matter
74
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
In the funnel, there is the wire mesh and make sure that the lower part of the funnel is ________ to prevent fluid or fecal matter to flow
| Baermann Technique Steps
clipped
75
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Afterwards, put _____ into the funnel, and put in a room temperature. Wait for a few days.
| Baermann Technique Steps
water
76
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
The eggs in the fecal matter will hatch and the larva will be accumulated in the _____
| Baermann Technique Steps
fluid
76
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
After few days of accumulation, collect the fluid in a beaker. ________ it, and look for larval stages
| Baermann Technique Steps
Centrifuge
77
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
also for recovery of larvae
Harada Mori Technique
78
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
stool samples for this technique should not
be refrigerated
Harada Mori Technique
79
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Requires a filter paper to which fecal
material is added and a test tube into which the filter paper is inserted.
Harada Mori Technique
80
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Moisture is maintained by adding boiled or
distilled water
Harada Mori Technique
80
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
With a strip of __________ with fecal smear, put it inside a conical tube with distilled water
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
filter paper
81
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Make sure the distilled water will not touch
the _________
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
fecal smear
82
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Put a ____ plug
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
cotton
83
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Put in an upright position in a dark area for _____ at room temperature.
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
5-7 days
84
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Hookworm eggs will hatch and the larva will migrate and be recovered in the _____.
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
water
85
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Examine the water everyday or every other day to check for the _______ presence.
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
larva’s
86
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
Prior examination, ____ the water when checking in order to kill the larval stages
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
heat
87
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
If freshly collected, we would find the _____. we would rarely find larva
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
eggs
88
# Hookworm: Diagnosis
If sample is old/not fresh, we would now find ____
| Harada Mori Technique Steps
larva
89
# Hookworm: Epidemiology
______ are more prone to infection
Farmers
90
# Hookworm: Epidemiology
______ and ______ are high risk
Pregnant Women and Children
91
# Hookworm: Epidemiology
Pregnant women would need more ____
iron
92
# Hookworm: Epidemiology
Eggs embryonate best in damp sandy loam soil and at a temperature of ____
24-32C
93
# Hookworm: Epidemiology
Other modes of transmission has been observed in for _______
Old World Hookworm
