Other Apicomplexa

Question 1

What are the two kinds of coccidians

Answer 1

○ Tissue Coccidians
○ Intestinal Cocidians

Question 2

Blood parasites that cause malaria-like infections

Answer 2

Babesia

Question 2

Also found in the blood just like Plasmodium

Answer 2

Babesia

Question 3

Zoonotic infection; transmitted by ticks

Answer 3

Babesia

Question 4

In Babesia the ticks that come from what genus?

Answer 4

Ixodes

Question 5

Causative Agents of babesia

Answer 5

• Babesia microti
• Babesua divergens

Question 6

Where can you find Babesia microti?

Answer 6

United states

Question 7

Where can you find Babesia divergens

Answer 7

Europe

Question 8

Babesia

Final host

Answer 8

Tick

Question 9

Intemediate host

Answer 9

Lower forms of mammals (mouse, deer, livestock, cattle), humans (accidental host)

Question 10

Mode of Transmission (MOT)

Answer 10

Bite of an infected tick;
blood transfusion; vertical transmission

Question 11

Infective Stage (IS)

Answer 11

Pyriform bodies (sporozoites)

Question 12

These sporozoites would find its way into the blood and it would then infect your _______.

Answer 12

arteries

Question 13

They would replicate, or undergo schizogony, in the ______.

Answer 13

red blood cells (RBC).

Question 14

Eventually, the trophozoite will be a _______ and the life cycle will just repeat.

Answer 14

merozoite

Question 15

Human to human transmission is possible
through _________.

Answer 15

blood transfusion.

Question 16

But to maintain the life cycle of the parasite, the parasite would be in its _______.

Answer 16

usual or natural intermediate host (mouse, deer, cattle).

Question 17

The fusion of the gametes in the tick is
called:

Answer 17

gamogony

Question 18

The asexual reproduction that would happen in the IH is called

Answer 18

merogony

Question 19

Inside the tick, in the gut, once gamogony happens, you have a zygote that becomes an ookinete. So the ookinete would then undergo _______

Answer 19

sporogony

Question 20

If for example, this tck is infected by Babesia, the ookinete in the gut can infect other parts of the tick, including the tick ova, or the eggs of the tick. So if the eggs of the tick are infected, the Babesia parasite can be transmitted to the tick larva, thereby allowing
_________

Answer 20

transovarian transmission

Question 21

This transovarian transmission is usually
seen in _____

Answer 21

Babesia divergens.

Question 22

Specific Ixodes

Answer 22

Ixodes scapularis (American Deer Tick)

Question 23

Babesia: Morphology

Instead of schizonts or gametocytes (which you will not find in Babesia), you will primarily find _____ and _________

Answer 23

ring forms and merozoites

Question 24

# Babesia: Morphology Ring forms (also known as, piroplasm) in Babesia may be falsely mistaken as ______________

Answer 24

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 24

# Babesia: Morphology Ring forms also known as, ________

Answer 24

piroplasm

Question 25

# Babesia: Morphology Another feature would also be the merozoites in the parasite, with a characteristic ____________

Answer 25

Maltese Cross Arrangement.

Question 26

# Babesia: Morphology But sometimes, instead of four, the merozoites are only two, looking like ____________

Answer 26

Bunny Ears Arrangement

Question 27

# Babesia: Morphology Up to ______ trophozoites per cell.

Answer 27

four

Question 28

# Babesia: Morphology One way to tell that this is not Plasmodium but rather Babesia, you would notice that the ring forms of Babesia can be found ________ the red blood cells (RBCs).

Answer 28

outside

Question 29

# Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis Babesia causes:

Answer 29

- Babesiosis or Piroplasmosis or Nantucket Fever or Redwater Fever - Tick Fever - Texas Cattle Fever

Question 30

# Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis Most cases are asymptomatic and usually self-limiting

Answer 30

Babesia

Question 31

# Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis incubation period of babesiosis

Answer 31

1 month up to 12 months.

Question 32

# Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis Signs and symptoms mimic malaria:

Answer 32

○ Mild chills and fever ○ Hemolytic anemia ○ Jaundice ○ Hepatomegaly

Question 33

# Babesia: Risk Factors for Severe Cases of Babesiosis The severity of Babesiosis would depend on the following factors:

Answer 33

○ Co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi ○ Old age ○ Absence of spleen (splenectomized) ○ Immunodeficiency

Question 34

# Babesia: Risk Factors for Severe Cases of Babesiosis share the same vector, the Ixodes tick

Answer 34

Borrelia and Babesia

Question 35

# Babesia: Risk Factors for Severe Cases of Babesiosis bacteria that causes Lyme disease

Answer 35

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 36

Diagnosis would include: | Diagnosis

Answer 36

○ Examination of Giemsa stained smears (microscopy) ○ Serology ○ History of Tick bite ○ Travel History ○ Molecular Methods (more sedative test like PCR)

Question 37

considered as gold standard | Diagnosis

Answer 37

PCR

Question 38

you are detecting Babesia antibodies, and you would use here fluorescent labels to visualize the presence of the antibodies. | Diagnosis

Answer 38

IFAT

Question 39

IFAT is under | Diagnosis

Answer 39

Serology

Question 40

Diagnostic titer of IFAT | Diagnosis

Answer 40

1:64

Question 40

Inoculation of animals is under what? | Diagnosis

Answer 40

serology

Question 41

What animals are used in inoculation? | Diagnosis

Answer 41

Gold Hamster or gerbil

Question 42

# Babesia: Epidemiology Reported Cases are found in:

Answer 42

Europe and North America (North East), cases also reported in West Coast

Question 43

# Babesia: Epidemiology In the United States, the parasite can be found in the North Eastern part, in:

Answer 43

- Massachusetts - Nantucket (hence, the term Nantucket fever), - Cape Cod, - Martha’s Vineyard

Question 44

# Babesia: Epidemiology Human Infections usually occur during

Answer 44

spring and summer

Question 45

# Babesia: Epidemiology No ________ reported yet in the country

Answer 45

human infections

Question 46

Babesia: Treatment

Answer 46

- Clindamycin and Quinine - azithromycin and atovaquone

Question 47

Babesia: Prevention

Answer 47

● Avoid tick bites ● Apply insect repellants ● Screen blood donors

Question 48

# INTESTINAL COCCIDIANS Belong to what phylum?

Answer 48

Apicomplexa

Question 49

Alteration of _______ and _______ Generations

Answer 49

Sexual and Asexual

Question 50

Medically Important Genera include:

Answer 50

- Isospora - Cryptosporidium - Cyclospora - Toxoplasma - Sarcocystis

Question 51

Described as

Answer 51

partially acid fast

Question 52

Meaning, these parasites are able to be stained by _________ technique. | Described as partially acid fast

Answer 52

acid fast staining

Question 53

These ________ are then stained by your Acid Fast Stain

Answer 53

mycolic acids

Question 54

But since trhey are “partially acid fast,” we will use a ________.

Answer 54

modified version of the AFS

Question 55

These intestinal coccidians are always associated with _________.

Answer 55

gastroenteritis

Question 56

Habitat

Answer 56

small intestine

Question 57

Infective stage (IS):

Answer 57

ingestion of sporulated oocyst

Question 58

mature oocyst, an oocyst that already contains sporozoites

Answer 58

Sporulated oocyst

Question 59

MOT

Answer 59

drinking contaminated water or ingestion of contaminated fruits or vegetables.