Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Flashcards by Kristin Godsey

acid-base imbalance within the body that results from base deficit in the blood

Acidosis

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acid-base imbalance within the body that results from base excess in the blood

Alkalosis

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energy-requiring movement of electrolytes or other substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient

Active Transport

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hormone that regulates osmolality of body fluids by influencing how much water is excreted in urine

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

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hormone that regulates ECV by influencing how much sodium and water are excreted in the urine

Aldosterone

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a calculation that reflects unmeasurable anions present in plasma; it is useful for identifying the cause of metabolic acidosis

Anion Gap

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negatively charged ions

Anions

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compound that separates into ions (charged particles) when dissolved in water

Electrolyte

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positively charged ions

Cations

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charged particles

Ions

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infusion of a donor’s blood into a patient

Allogenic Transfusion

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collection and reinfusion of a patient’s own blood

Autologous Transfusion

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analysis of the acid-base balance and oxygenation in the blood

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

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pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH of body fluids; main one= bicarbonate buffer system, hemoglobin, protein buffers and phosphate buffers

Buffers

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hypernatremia occurring in combination with ECV deficit

Clinical Dehydration

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blood product…large particles that does not normally pass through cell and capillary membranes and do not readily dissolve into true solutions

Colloids

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electrolyte therapy

Crystalloids

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inward-pulling force caused by the presence of protein molecules

Colloid Osmotic Pressure (Oncotic Pressure)

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osmolality of body fluids

Concentration

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concentration of body fluids

Osmolality

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passive movement of electrolytes or other particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Diffusion

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IV pumps used for fluid replacement

Electronic Infusion Device (EID)

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a third of a body’s fluid that is intravascular…the least stable of the body fluids

Extracellular Fluid Volume (ECV)

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occurs when there is too much isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment

ECV Excess

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occurs when there is too small a volume of isotonic fluid in the vascular and interstitial areas

ECV Deficit

decreased vascular volume in the ECV deficit

Hypovolemia

abnormally high Na+ concentration in ECF caused by loss of relatively more water than salt or gain of relatively more salt than water

Hypernatremia

abnormally low Na+ concentration in ECF, which occurs from gaining relatively more water than salt or losing relatively more salt than water

Hyponatremia

an inadequate level of K+ in the blood

Hypokalemia

abnormally low blood concentration of total Ca+ or ionized Ca+

Hypocalcemia

abnormally high blood K+ concentration

Hyperkalemia

abnormally high Ca+ concentration in the blood

Hypercalcemia

net affect of several forces that tend to move fluid across a membrance

Filtration

solution that is less concentrated than normal blood that pulls fluid out of blood vessels into the cells, causing them to swell (%5 Dextrose-D5W, 1/2 NS-0.45% Normal Saline)

Hypotonic IV Fluid

solution that is more concentrated than normal blood that causes water to be pulled from cells into the blood vessels, causing them to shrink (5% Dextrose in 0.45% Normal Saline- D5 1/2, D5NS- 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline, 3% & 5% Saline only used in patients with dangerously low serum Na+ levels)

Hypertonic IV Fluid

solution that has the same concentration of normal blood that causes fluid to remain in the extracellular space (Normal Saline 0.9%, Lactated Ringers

Isotonic IV Fluid

breakdown of RBCs

Hemolysis

the dynamic interplay of three processes: fluid intake & absorption, fluid distribution and fluid output

Fluid Homeostasis

continuous water loss occurring through the skin and lungs that is invisible

Insensible Water Loss

occurs when IV fluids leak into subcutaneous tissue around the site because the catheter tip no longer is in the vein

Infiltration

state that results from conditions that increase metabolic acids in the body or decrease the amount of base (bicarbonate)

Metabolic Acidosis

state that results from a gain of bicarbonate or from excessive excretion of metabolic acid (most commonly caused by vomiting and gastric suction)

Metabolic Alkalosis

an increased PaCO2 and an increased H+ ion concentration (pH below 7.35) that reflects the excess carbonic acid in the blood

Respiratory Acidosis

a decreased PaCO2 an increased pH (above 7.45) that reflects the deficit of carbonic acid in the blood

Respiratory Alkalosis

"colloid osmotic pressure"; inward-pulling force caused by the presence of protein molecules

Oncotic Pressure

receptors in the brain that continually monitor plasma osmolality (when osmolality increases, the hypothalamus stimulates thirst)

Osmoreceptors

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a compartment of lower particle concentration to one that has a higher particle concentration

Osmosis

inward-pulling force exerted by the particles in any fluid compartment

Osmotic Pressure

replacement of fluid and electrolytes through infusion of fluids intravenously

Parenteral

inflammation of a vein

Phlebitis

catheter or infusion ports designed for repeated access to the vascular system

Vascular Access Devices (VADs)

technique used for accessing a vein by puncture through the skin using a sharp rigid stylet

Venipuncture

fluid that makes up 40% of the body's fluids...the most stable in the body

Intracellular Fluid

reserve fluid in the body

Interstitial Fluid

least stable type of fluid in the body inside the blood vessels

Intravascular Fluid

fluids given that pull fluid from the tissues into the vessels which increases the number of colloids which causes an increase in osmolality...used to treat 3rd spacing, either alone or with crystalloids (EX: Dextran, Plasma, Hetastarch and Albumin)

Colloid Volume Expanders

force of a fluid pressing outward against the walls of its container

Hydrostatic Pressure

decreased albumin in the blood...found in malnourished and cachectic

Hypoalbuminemia

abnormally decreased amount of protein in the blood

Hypoproteinemia

the resistance of the skin to deformation

Turgor

Normal Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Female: 12-16 g/dL Male: 14-18 g/dL

Normal Hematocrit (Hct)

Female: 37-47% Male: 42-52%

Normal Sodium (Na+)

136-145 mEq/L

Normal Potassium (K+)

3.5-5.0

Normal Chloride (Cl-)

98-106

Normal Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

23-30

Normal BUN

10-20

Normal Glucose

70-110

Normal Creatinine

Female: 0.5-1.1 Male: 0.6-1.2

Normal Body pH

7.35-7.45

Normal PCO2

35-45

Normal HCO3 (Bicarbonate)

22-26

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

(72 cards)