From Cells to Cortex Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

pseudo-unipolar cells

A

dorsal root ganglion

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2
Q

Biploar nerve cells

A

special sense organs (ear, eye, nose)

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3
Q

Interneuron

A

(local processing), is inhibitory or excitatory

short axon

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4
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

responsible for sending info from the cerebral Cortex

is multipolar with a long axon

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5
Q

Examples of unmyelinated axons are

A

sensory fibres carrying pain, temperature, itch

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6
Q

unmyelinated axons have what kind of conduction

A
continuous conduction’ of action potentials due to passive
current flow (low conduction)
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7
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • Phasic disease
  • Demyelination
  • Inflammation (T cell/macrophage mediated)
  • Conduction block (slowing of propagation)
  • Crosstalk (paraesthesia)
  • Some re-myelination
  • Permanent loss (due cell death/axonal loss)
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8
Q

white matter

A

contains cell processes and their myelin

appears white because It is fatty

It present centrally in the brain but peripherally in the spinal cord

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9
Q

grey matter

A

contains cells, processes and synapses

is present peripherally in the brain but centrally in the spinal cord

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10
Q

Astrocyte

A

metabolic and structural/mechanical support - also present in CNS scar tissue

  • control water distribution
  • potassium buffering
  • ROS scavenging
  • Define architecture
  • regulate migration/pruning/synaptogenesis
  • help maintain but do not make up the BBB
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11
Q

Two types of astrocyte

A

Fibrous astrocyte found in WHITE matter

Protoplasmic (blobby) astrocyte found in GREY matter

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12
Q

BBB

A
  • A barrier composed of endothelial cells AND their tight junctions
  • Integrity highly dependent on astrocyte ‘end feet
  • So the barrier consists of endothelial cells and their tight junctions and the astrocytes help to maintain it
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13
Q

Microglial cells

A

Resident macrophages of the central nervous system

  • Phagocytosis and antigen presentation (immune response)
  • Synaptic pruning
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14
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • Ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells, line ventricle as part of plexus and secrete (also reabsorb) CSF
  • CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) – clear, cell-free fluid produced in specialised ependyma on choroid plexus
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15
Q

Lamination - the cerebral cortex layered neocortex

A
mostly 6:
Molecular
External granular
External pyramidal
Internal granular
Internal pyramidal
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16
Q

granular layers

A

stellate interneuron - mostly input and processing locally

17
Q

pyramidal layers

A

pyramidal neurons - mostly output

18
Q

Brodmann areas

A

Subtle differences in structure (numbered) A great map that relates closely to function Example motor function in area 4

19
Q

visual cortex is where

A

the occipital lobe along with motion, object recognition etc.

20
Q

primary motor cortex - execution of movement

Precentral gyrus

A

More direct control of motor activity than other motor areas Force, direction and speed of muscle contraction

21
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Preparation for action - posture and gait (integration of spatial information and planned movement, grasping)

22
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Integrating visual information to formulate motor commands

23
Q

Association cortex

A

integration, complex processing of

cognate primary cortex info.

24
Q

Primary cortex

A
principal exit (motor)
and entry points (sensory)
25
Unimodal
one type of modality input/output
26
Polymodal
multiple modal input (e.g. vision and somatic sensation in the dorsal stream)
27
Damage inferior parietal lobule:
Contralateral neglect (especially right lesions)
28
Damage in superior parietal –
problems with visuomotor integration (optic ataxia)
29
Features of frontal lobe damage
(1) Personality changes (2) Deficits in planning (3) Perseveration (4) Primitive reflexes (suckling reflex) (5) Abulia (slowness of intellect)
30
functions of the frontal lobe
* Contributes to attention * Morality * Planning * Working memory * Conscious decision making * Social behavior regulation
31
Broca's area damage
Expressive aphasia | Language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor Comprehension OK
32
Wernicke's
Receptive aphasia | unable to understand/generate meaningful language
33
Commissural communication
cortex to cortex cross over the midline
34
association communication
cortex to cortex “stay” on the same side
35
projection communication
communicate with other structures inside and outside the brain