Language and cognition Flashcards Preview

Y3S1 NEURO > Language and cognition > Flashcards

Flashcards in Language and cognition Deck (21)
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1
Q

cognition

A

The acquisition, retention and use of information that allows successful behaviour in our complex and changing environment

2
Q

perceptual qualities

A

Modal qualities (e.g. pitch, volume, timbre, harmonics for audition

3
Q

Primary areas receive

A

unprocessed modality data, association areas (also called higher-order areas) along with sub-cortical components

4
Q

Multi-sensory integration

A

Combination of processed sensory perceptions (vision, temperature, sound) are used to determine what is happening, and where it’s happening

5
Q

Multi-sensory integration – for motor output pathway

A
  1. Sensory information about the environs and body project to the primary cortical areas (visual, somatosensory, auditory)
  2. Information is then passed to the sensory association areas in the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe for integration.
  3. From there integrated information is shared with the supplementary motor cortex (which is processing information about intent in association with other frontal lobe areas) & thence to the pre- & motor cortex to allow incorporation of sensory input into planned integrated motor events
6
Q

Synaesthesia

A

The conflation of sensory experiences from one sensory domain with those from another, or the mixing of two modalities of the same sensory domain

7
Q

olour-graphemic synaesthesia

A

Black and white shapes are perceived in colour

8
Q

what happens when you read the written word

A

•Visual information is passed to Wernicke’s area via the angular gyrus, and so on to Broca’s area etc.

9
Q

conduction aphasia occurs when?

A

occurs when the link between the two areas (the arcuate faciculus) is damaged, and is typified by a reduced ability to repeat spoken words.

9
Q

conduction aphasia occurs when?

A

occurs when the link between the two areas (the arcuate faciculus) is damaged, and is typified by a reduced ability to repeat spoken words.

10
Q

What happens when you hear, understand and repeat spoken words

A
  1. Afferent information arrives at the auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe).
  2. Wernicke’s area comprehends the words and passes the information to Broca’s area for sentence construction and syntax.
  3. Broca’s area stimulates the motor cortex to control the lips & tongue etc.
10
Q

What happens when you hear, understand and repeat spoken words

A
  1. Afferent information arrives at the auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe).
  2. Wernicke’s area comprehends the words and passes the information to Broca’s area for sentence construction and syntax.
  3. Broca’s area stimulates the motor cortex to control the lips & tongue etc.
11
Q

aphasia

A

the partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage

12
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Speech flows but is often nonsensical because the patient has reduced comprehension of speech (their own and sometimes others) consequently sentence meaning is very poor. they also cannot understand written information

13
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Also known as motor or non-fluent aphasia Patients have difficulty speaking- often stuttering to find the right word. Patients are aware they are making little sense. They have largely no problem responding to the spoken or written word.

14
Q

What does the right side of the brain contribute to in terms of language

A

emotional context

15
Q

dysfunction of areas approximating to Broca’s and Wernicke’s result in

A

aprosodias, which causes robotic or monotonic speech patterns. they cant express or understand emotion in someones voice

16
Q

wada’s test

A

one side of the brain is anaesthetised via the appropriate internal carotid artery and the subject is tested for speech, if the dominant side is the one that remains awake then the speech is uneffected

17
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Requires a cyclotron
Poor spatial resolution
Can localise a neurotransmitter system

18
Q

CT

A

Can differentiate white and grey matter and shows ventricles. Resolution of about 3mm

19
Q

MRI + Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

cheap and non toxic

imaging blood flow based on the amount of haemoglobin/ oxyhemoglobin detected within an area

  • as neural activity increases so does the requirement for glucose and so blood flow, allows longer repeated studies