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CHEM 101 > FT LEC: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

FT LEC: Carbohydrates Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

are polyhydroxylated aldehydes or ketones; or compounds that yield polyhydroxylated aldehydes or ketones upon hydrolysis

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

are the most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on Earth

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Produced by green plants (chlorophyll-containing) via photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Function of carbohydrates in plants

A
  1. Serve as structural elements in the form of cellulose
  2. Provide short term storage in the form of starch
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5
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccaharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Oligosaccharide
  • Polysaccharide
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6
Q

are classified according to the type of carbonyl group present and the number of carbon atoms in the open chain

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

A monosaccharide is characterized by the number of C atoms in its chain

A

3 carbons = triose
4 carbons = tetrose
5 carbons = pentose
6 carbons = hexose

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8
Q

are the simplest carbohydrates; usually contain three to six carbon atoms in an open chain with either an aldehyde or a ketone in one end with multiple hydroxyl group

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

Appear as white, crystalline solids

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

water-soluble and taste sweet

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

The simplest monosaccharides; serve as important intermediates in glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone

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12
Q

a chiral molecule

A

Glyceraldehyde (D-Glyceraldehyde)

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13
Q

achiral molecule

A

Dihydroxyacetone

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14
Q

The most abundant monosaccharide in nature, and most important from a nutritional standpoint

A

D-Glucose

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15
Q

Found in large amounts in ripe fruits particularly grapes(grape sugar)

A

D-Glucose

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16
Q

Two other names of D-glucose

A
  1. Dextrose
  2. Blood sugar
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17
Q

draws attention that D-glucose is optically active and rotates plane polarized light to the right (dextrorotatory)

A

Dextrose

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18
Q

because the blood contains dissolved glucose (70mg/dL) regulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon

A

Blood sugar

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19
Q

Seldom found as a free monosaccharide

A

D-Galactose

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20
Q

Epimer of D-glucose at carbon 4

A

D-Galactose

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21
Q

Synthesized from D-glucose in the mammary glands and bonds with D-glucose to form lactose

A

D-Galactose

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22
Q

Found on the membranes of different cell types

A

D-Galactose

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23
Q

Biochemically the most important ketose

A

D-Fructose

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24
Q

the sweetest-tasting of all sugars; found in fruits (also known as fruit sugar), and honey in equal amounts with glucose

A

D-Fructose

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25
Also known as levulose because a solution of naturally occurring ________ rotate plane polarized light to the left
D-Fructose
26
Used as a dietary sugar; less is needed for the same amount of sweetness
D-Fructose
27
A aldopentose
D-Ribose
28
Component of nucleic acids, and energy-rich ATP
D-Ribose
29
Exists as 2-deoxy-D-ribose in DNA
D-Ribose
30
are composed of two monosaccharides linked together by acetals also known as glycosidic linkages
Disaccharides
31
is the bond between two monosaccharide units resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom –OH group and an –OH group on the other monosaccharide
glycosidic linkages
32
Made up of two D-glucose units connected by α(1>4) glycosidic linkage
Maltose
33
Also known as malt sugar
Maltose
34
An intermediate in the hydrolysis of cellulose
Cellobiose
35
Composed of two D-glucose units connected by β(1>4) glycosidic linkage
Cellobiose
36
Cannot be digested by humans
Cellobiose
37
Composed of β-D-galactose unit bonded to D-glucose by β(1>4) glycosidic linkage
Lactose
38
drolyzed by the enzyme lactase
Lactose
39
The most abundant disaccharide in nature; found in plants
Sucrose
40
Carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units
Oligosaccharides
41
Composed of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose linked by α(1>2)β
Sucrose
42
Rarely found a free molecules; usually components of more complex molecules
Oligosaccharides
43
play an important role in distinguishing blood types
Oligosaccharides
44
act as biochemical markers on the plasma membrane of red blood cells
Oligosaccharide molecules
45
The following monosaccharides contribute to the makeup of the oligosaccharide “marking system”:
α-D-Galactose α-L-Fucose α-N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine α-N0Acetyl-D-galactosamine
46
no fifth unit
Type O
47
N-Acetyl-galactosamine as 5th unit
Type A
48
Galactose as 5th unit
Type B
49
contain hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides
50
Also known as glycans
Polysaccharides
51
are repeating units in a polymer chain
Monomers
52
only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present
Homopolysaccharides
53
more than one (usually two) type of monosaccharide monomer is present
Heteropolysaccharides
54
Common storage polysaccharides
1. Starch in plants 2. Glycogen in animals
55
Serve as structural elements in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons
1. Cellulose in plants 2. Chitin in animal exoskeletons
56
Polysaccharides with disaccharide repeating units in which one of the component is an amino sugar or both have negative charges due to the presence of sulfate group or carboxylic acid group
Acidic Polysaccharides
57
Found in connective tissues in humans
Acidic Polysaccharides
58
found in joints and in the vitreous humor of the eye
Hyaluronic acid
59
highly sulfated polysaccharide; acts as a naturally occurring anticoagulant in the blood present in mast cells in sites of tissue injury
Heparin
60
Lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it
Glycolipid
61
Protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it
Glycoprotein

CHEM 101 (12 decks)

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