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CHEM 101 > FT LEC: Lipids > Flashcards

FT LEC: Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

an organic compound found in living organisms that are insoluble (or sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Structurally diverse; has no repeating unit structure like the other biomolecules

A

Lipids

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3
Q

can be extracted when biochemical material (human, animal, or plant material) is homogenized and mixed with nonpolar organic solvent

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Classification of lipids

A
  1. Based on hydrolysis characteristics
  2. Based on biological function
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5
Q

Hydrolyzable lipids

A
  • Triacylglycerols
  • Membrane lipids
  • Biological waxes
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6
Q

can be broken down to simpler molecules through hydrolysis

A

Hydrolyzable lipids

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7
Q

can no longer be broken down to simpler molecules

A

Non-hydrolyzable lipids

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8
Q

Non-hydrolyzable lipids

A
  • Steroids
  • Eicosanoids
  • Emulsification Lipids
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9
Q

Based on biological function

A
  • Energy storage lipids
  • Membrane lipids
  • Emulsification lipids
  • Messenger lipids
  • Protective-coating lipids
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10
Q

is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid with long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains that nearly always contain an even number of carbons

A

Fatty acids

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11
Q

Fatty Acid: Classification according to length

A
  1. Long fatty acid chains (12C to 26C)
  2. Medium fatty acid chains (8C to 10C)
  3. Short fatty acid chains (4C to 6C)
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12
Q

Fatty Acid: Classification based on presence of C=C bonds

A
  1. Saturated fatty acids
  2. Unsaturated fatty acids
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13
Q

only contain carbon-carbon single bonds

A

Saturated fatty acids

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14
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further classified into two sub-types

A
  1. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)
  2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
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15
Q

contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

contain only one carbon-carbon double bond

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)

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17
Q

contain at least two carbon-carbon bonds

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

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18
Q

produce bends or kinks that prevents stronger interaction between the hydrocarbon chains

A

Carbon-carbon double bonds in the cis configuration

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19
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have _____ melting and boiling points compared to saturated fatty acids

A

lower

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20
Q

is a lipid formed by esterification of three fatty acid molecules to a glycerol molecule

A

triacylglycerol (TAG)

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21
Q

is a tri-ester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acid molecules

A

Simple triacylglycerol

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22
Q

is composed of unidentical fatty acid molecules (more biochemically important)

A

Mixed triacylglycerol

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23
Q

take in the form of fats or oils in nature, which are the most abundant types of lipid as well

A

Triacylglycerols

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24
Q

are triacylglycerol mixtures that are solid or semi-solid at room temperature and is generally obtained in animals

A

Fats

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25
are triacylglycerol mixtures that are liquid at room temperature
Oils
26
is a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be acquired from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized by the human body in adequate amounts from other substances
Essential fatty acid
27
are considered bad fats
Saturated fats
28
are considered good fats
Unsaturated fats
29
are particularly important
Omega fatty acids
30
Two essential fatty acids
1. Linoleic acid 2. Linolenic acid
31
needed for proper cell membrane formation
Linoleic acid
32
Serves as starting material for other biochemically important fatty acids
Linoleic acid
33
Precursors to eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
Linolenic acid
34
are important constituents of cell membrane of nerve cells, and are active components in the retinas
EPA and DHA
35
Three common membrane lipids
1. Phospholipids 2. Sphingophospholipids 3. Cholesterol
36
are phospholipids that contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to a glycerol molecules by ester bonds, and an alcohol bonded to the phosphate group
Glycerophospholipids
37
Also known as lecithins
Phosphatidylcholine
38
Also known as cephalins
Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine
39
are phospholipids that contain sphingosine molecule with a fatty acid bonded to it with amide bonds, a phosphate group, and an alcohol bonded to the phosphate group
Sphingophospholipid
40
Sphingophospholipids with choline attached to the phosphate group are called ____________
sphingomyelins
41
Found in cell membranes and main structural components of myelin sheaths
sphingomyelins
42
are lipids that contain both fatty acids and a carbohydrate (usually a monosaccharide) bonded to sphingosine
Sphingoglycolipids
43
Types of Sphingoglycolipids
1. Cerebroside 2. Ganglioside
44
Possesses a monosaccharide unit usually glucose or galactose
Cerebroside
45
Simplest sphingoglycolipid
Cerebroside
46
Complex sphingoglycolipid
Ganglioside
47
Possesses branched carbohydrate component
Ganglioside
48
Occurs in the grey matter of the brain and in the myelin sheath
Ganglioside
49
is a type of steroid (a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system that involves three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring)
Cholesterol
50
A 27-carbon molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor of other steroid-based lipids
Cholesterol
51
Found in animal fat and can be synthesized in the liver
Cholesterol
52
is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell
cell membrane
53
a long, thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure
cell membrane
54
The components of cell membranes occur in different amount depending on the cell’s function
1. Phospholipids 2. Glycolipids 3. Cholesterol 4. Proteins
55
There are two types of proteins in cell membranes
1. Integral proteins 2. Peripheral proteins
56
penetrate both sides of the lipid bilayer
Integral proteins
57
only found on one side of the lipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
58
concentration: high to low cellular ee: none required protein help: none required
Passive transport
59
concentration: high to low cellular ee: none required protein help: proteins serve as "gates"
Facilitated transport
60
concentration: low to high cellular ee: energy input required protein help: proteins serve as "pumps"
Active transport
61
Some lipids are hormones or at least perform a messenger function
1. Steroid hormones 2. Eicosanoids
61
are biochemical substances produced by ductless glands that have a messenger function and serve as communication between cells
Hormones
62
Hormones: are derived from cholesterol
Steroid hormones
62
Hormones: are derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid
Eicosanoids
63
Two classes of steroid hormones
1. Sex hormones 2. Adrenocorticoid hormones
64
control reproduction and the development of secondary sexual characteristics
Sex hormones
65
are produced in the ovaries and promotes development of secondary female characteristics
Estrogens
66
are produced in the testes and promotes development of secondary male characteristics; also promotes muscle growth
Androgens
67
are pregnancy hormones that control ovulation and prepares the uterine lining for implantation
Progestins
68
are used as oral contraceptives or anabolic steroids
Artificial hormones
69
control and regulate various biochemical functions
Adrenocorticoids
70
control the Na+/K+ balance in the body
Mineralocorticotropic hormones
71
control and regulate glucose metabolism and counteracts inflammation process
Glucocorticotropic hormones
72
are used as anti-inflammatory drugs in allergic reactions (hypersensitivity)
Synthetic adrenocorticoids
73
are oxygenated 20-carbon fatty acid derivatives that function as a messenger lipid
Eicosanoids
74
Three principal types of eicosanoids
1. prostaglandins 2. thromboxanes 3. leukotrienes
75
is a messenger lipid that as a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups
prostaglandin
76
is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups
thromboxane
77
is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains three conjugated double bonds and hydroxyl groups
Leukotriene

CHEM 101 (12 decks)

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