Gait cycle

Question 1

what are the muscles of the leg anterior compartment?

Answer 1

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallicus longus
Extensor digitorum longus

Question 2

what are the muscles of the leg deep posterior compartment?

Answer 2

Tibialis posterior
Flexor Hallicus longus
Flexor digitorum longus

Question 3

what are the muscles of the leg laterial compartment?

Answer 3

Fibularus longus
Fibularis brevis
- both evert the foot

Question 4

what are the artery’s that supply the lower limb?

Answer 4

Femoral
Adductor hiatus
Popliteal
Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial
Fibular/Peroneal

Question 5

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

Answer 5

Legs and feet

Question 6

what are the divisions of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 6

Tibial nerve
Common fibular/peroneal nerve
Superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve

Question 7

what innervates the anterior leg muscles?

Answer 7

The deep fibular nerve

Question 8

what innervates the lateral leg muscles?

Answer 8

superficial fibular nerve

Question 9

what innervates the posterior loeg muscles?

Answer 9

the tibial nerve

Question 10

is injury to the tibial nerve common?

Answer 10

No it is deep

Question 11

what happens if the tibial nerve is damages?

Answer 11

Paralysis of plantar flexors and intrinsic foot muscles

Question 12

what does the common fibular nerve divide into?

Answer 12

The superficial fibular nerve
The deep fibular nerve

Question 13

what does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

Answer 13

the lateral leg muscles

Question 14

what does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

Answer 14

the anterior leg muscles

Question 15

where does the deep fibular nerve run?

Answer 15

Descends in the leg along with the anterior tibial artery and vein

Question 16

what is the most commonly damaged lower limb nerve?

Answer 16

The common fibular nerve

Question 17

what happens when the common fibular nerve is injured?

Answer 17

Leads to foot drop

Question 18

what are the two phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 18

The stance phase
The swing phase

Question 19

what are the features that are different in the running gait cycle?

Answer 19

There is no period of double support when running
Time and frequency of the stance phase is reduced
There are times when both feet are off the ground

Question 20

what is the Float/aerial phase of the gait cycle?

Answer 20

In running when both feet are off the ground

Question 21

what happens at the lower limb joints in standing?

Answer 21

The hip and knee joints are extended
The knees are locked (all the ligaments are tight)

Question 22

where is the centre of gravity?

Answer 22

The centre of gravity is anterior to the ankle joint, so people tend to fall foward, but plantarflexors counteract this fall foward

Question 23

what muscle groups maintain standing?

Answer 23

Primary extensor muscles of the back and plantar flexors

Question 24

what are the repetitve sequences of the gait cycle?

Answer 24

Propulsion
Support

Question 25

how is the gait cycle initiated from standing?

Answer 25

Relaxation of plantarflexors Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint Then the limb enter into the swing phase

Question 26

what are the phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 26

1. Heel-strike 2. Support 3. Toe off 4. Carry through

Question 27

what are the gait cycle phases of stance?

Answer 27

Heel-strike Support Toe off

Question 28

what are the gait cycle phases of swing?

Answer 28

Carry though

Question 29

how does the gait cycle begin?

Answer 29

With heel stike

Question 30

how does the gait cycle end?

Answer 30

With toe off

Question 31

how does the swing phase begin and end?

Answer 31

Swing begins with toe off Swing ends with heel strike

Question 32

what is happening in the joints of the lower limb during heel stike?

Answer 32

Ankle joint- dorsiflexed Knee joint- extended Hip joint- flexed

Question 33

what muscles are involved during heel stike?

Answer 33

Doriflexors Knee extensors Hip flexors

Question 34

what is the role of the hip during heel stike?

Answer 34

Shock absorption Flexed hip gets extended after heel strike

Question 35

what is happening at the hip joint during the mid- stance phase of the gait cycle?

Answer 35

Progress of the body over the stationary foot Maintain limb and trunk stability Hip extension

Question 36

what is happening at the hip joint during late stance?

Answer 36

Progress of the body beyond the supporting foot Accelerate the body Hips start to flex in preparation for swing

Question 37

what is happening at the hip joint during mid-swing?

Answer 37

Limb advancement Foot clearance off the ground Hip flexors working - hip is in the anatomical position

Question 38

what is happening at the hip joint during late swing?

Answer 38

Complete limb advancement Prepare for stance phase (deceleration) Hip extensors contract to decelerate to foward movement - the hip is flexed

Question 39

what is the effect of high heeled shoes on stance?

Answer 39

Increased pressue on metatarso-phalangeal joints during stance Prone to hallux valgus (bunion), calluses, metatarsalgia

Question 40

how do high heels effect the joints of the lower limb?

Answer 40

Increased knee joint flexion and plantarflexion at heel strike Increased muscle activities... may lead to fatigue faster

Question 41

what is happening at the ankle joint during heel strike?

Answer 41

Initial impact Shock absorption Dorsiflexors contract to the lower foot to the ground

Question 42

what is happening at the ankle joint during mid stance?

Answer 42

The foot has been lowered to the ground Movement foward Dorsiflexors contract to pull tibia fowards over the foot, then gravity and momentum take over - ankle in anatomical position

Question 43

what is happening at the ankle joint during mid stance?

Answer 43

The foot has been lowered to the ground Movement forward Dorsiflexors contract to pull tibia forward over the foot, then gravity and momentum take over - ankle in anatomical position

Question 44

what is happening at the ankle joint during late stance?

Answer 44

Prepare for swing phase Accelerate body forward Toe-off propulsion - ankle is plantarflexer

Question 45

what is happening at the ankle joint during mid swing?

Answer 45

Limb advancement Foot clearance off the ground Dorsiflexors and toe extensors working - ankle is dorsiflexed -Toes extended

Question 46

what is happening at the ankle joint during late swing?

Answer 46

Complete limb advancement Prepare for stance phase (deceleration) Dorsiflexors and toe extensors ensure the foot is in optimal position for heel stike - ankle is dorsiflexed

Question 47

how does the gait cycle change with age?

Answer 47

- muscles get weaker/atrophy -flexed posture in the lower limb during standing, flexed neck - balance compromised -Gait is slower, decreased stride length, increased stance time, more time in double stance, less propulsive forces developed

Question 48

what are some other causes of changes in the gait cycle?

Answer 48

Medical treatment e.g. androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) causes muscle atrophy and increase fat in men Reduced muscle force Step width increases Forward acceleration decreases At risk of falling and bone fracture

Question 49

what happens to the gait cycle when hip abductors lose stength?

Answer 49

Unable to maintain pelvis level during single leg stance (contralateral drop)

Question 50

how does the body compensate for weakened hip adbuctors?

Answer 50

FLexion through the opposite side Lateral trunk flexion

Question 51

how can the hip flexor action be damaged?

Answer 51

through damage to the superiorgluteal nerve

Question 52

what happens when dorsiflexor a weak?

Answer 52

Toes dont clear during swing Foot slap/foot drop after heel strike

Question 53

how does the body compensate for weak dorsiflexion?

Answer 53

raise the knee higher in the swing phase