Leg and ankle

Question 1

what is the role of the foot and ankle?

Answer 1

Stability
Mobility

Question 2

how do the foot an ankle provide stability?

Answer 2

-Stable base to support body weight during stance and locomotion
-Rigid lever for effective push-off during gait

Question 3

how do the foot and ankle provide mobility?

Answer 3

Influences other joints
Flexible for shock absorption
Conform to changing surfaces

Question 4

what is the tibial tuberosity?

Answer 4

attachment site of the patellar tendon

Question 5

what are the bones of the leg?

Answer 5

Tibia (large)
Fibula (small)

Question 6

what runs between the tibia and fibula?

Answer 6

interosseous membrane

Question 7

what type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?

Answer 7

Synovial joint

Question 8

what type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?

Answer 8

Syndesmosis- fibrous joint with limited movement

Question 9

what strengthens the inferior tibiofibular joint?

Answer 9

The anterior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior tibiofibular ligament

Question 10

why are the arches of the foot important?

Answer 10

shock absorption

Question 11

what are the 3 arches of the foot?

Answer 11

Medial arch
Lateral arch
Transverse arch

Question 12

what are the three major bone groups of the foot?

Answer 12

Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals

Question 13

what are the names of the tarsels?

Answer 13

Cuneiforms (Medial, Intermediate, Lateral)
Navicular
Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus

Question 14

what forms the arches of the foot?

Answer 14

Bones, ligaments, plantar fascia, muscles, tendons

Question 15

what is the function of the foot arches?

Answer 15

-Stability and flexibility
-Absorb and distribute force
-Aid propulsion

Question 16

what type of joint in the ankle joint?

Answer 16

Hinge joint

Question 17

what are the movements at the ankle joint?

Answer 17

Plantar flexion (point toes down)
Dorsiflexion (lift toes up)

Question 18

What do the ankle muscles passing over the foot dorsal surface do?

Answer 18

Dorsiflex the ankle joint and/or extend the toes

Question 19

what do the ankle muscles passing over the foot plantar surface do?

Answer 19

Plantarflex the ankle joint and/or flex the toes

Question 20

what bones form the ankle joint?

Answer 20

The Medial malleolus (tibia)
The lateral malleolus (fibula)
Inferior surface of the distal end of the tibia
- all form the socket

The Talus inserts into the socket

Question 21

where is the subtalar joint?

Answer 21

Between the talus and calcaneus

Question 22

what is the function of the subtalar joint?

Answer 22

Allows inversion and eversion

Question 23

what do the medial foot muscles do?

Answer 23

Muscles inserting from the medial side allow inversion of the foot (towards the midline)

Question 24

what do the lateral foot muscles do?

Answer 24

Muscles inserted from the lateral side allow eversion of the foot (away from the midline

Question 25

what are the ankle ligaments?

Answer 25

Lateral collateral ligaments Medial collateral (deltoid) ligament

Question 26

what is the function of the lateral collateral ankle ligaments?

Answer 26

Restrict inversion - commonly damaged in ankle sprain

Question 27

what is the function of the ankle medial collateral (deltoid) ligament?

Answer 27

Restricts Eversion - stronger that the lateral collateral ligament

Question 28

when does a sprain commonly occur?

Answer 28

during inversion of plantar flexion - these positions are when the lateral ligament is stretched

Question 29

what is the different rates of incidence of ankle sprain?

Answer 29

Female>Male Children>Adolescents>Adults

Question 30

what are the muscle compartments of the leg?

Answer 30

Anterior Lateral Deep Superficial Posterior (has two parts, superficial and deep)

Question 31

what are the plantar flexor muscles?

Answer 31

Gastrocnemius Soleus

Question 32

what is the origin of gastrocnemius?

Answer 32

Medial and lateral femoral condyles

Question 33

where is the insertion site of gastrocnemius?

Answer 33

Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

Question 34

what is the function of gastrocnemius?

Answer 34

Knee- flexes Ankle- Plantarflexes Propulsion during gait

Question 35

what innervates the gastrocnemius?

Answer 35

Tibial nerve

Question 36

where is the soleus muscle located?

Answer 36

Deep to gastrocnemius -does not cross the knee joint

Question 37

what is the origin of soleus?

Answer 37

Tibia and fibula Interosseous membrane

Question 38

what is the insertion of soleus?

Answer 38

Calcaneus via calcaneal (archilles) tendon

Question 39

what is the function of soleus?

Answer 39

Knee- no action Ankle- plantar flexion Important postural muscle (during standing and propulsion during gait)

Question 40

what innervates the soleus?

Answer 40

Tibial nerve

Question 41

what is the function of the extrinsic foot muscles?

Answer 41

Control various foot movements Each muscle has a belly in the leg and a long tendon attaching to the foot

Question 42

what are the features of the long tendons of the foot?

Answer 42

-These tendons are held in place by retinacuclum (fibrous tissue) -Have associated bursae to reduce friction -Bones and muscles create pulleys- biomechanical advantage

Question 43

where are the deep flexors located?

Answer 43

Deep posterior compartment of the leg

Question 44

what are the deep flexor muscles?

Answer 44

Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Flexor Hallucis longus - Their tendons pass posterior to medial malleolus

Question 45

what is the function of the deep flexors as the ankle and toes?

Answer 45

Ankle- plantar flexion of all toes Toes- flexsion of big toe (flexor digitorum longus) and toes 2-5 (flexor hallucis longus) Stabilise medial longitidinal arch Propulsion at toe-off (flexor hallucis longus)

Question 46

what is the tibialis posterior tendon?

Answer 46

Spring ligament that supports the head of talus Further supported by the TP tendon to maintain the medial arch

Question 47

what causes flat foot deformity?

Answer 47

Rupture of the spring ligament means it cannot support the head of the talus anymore - TP tendon can rupture because of ageing, trauma or denervation

Question 48

what are the three leg anterior compartment muscles?

Answer 48

Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus

Question 49

what innervates the anterior compartment leg muscles?

Answer 49

Deep fibular nerve

Question 50

where does the tibialis anterior insert?

Answer 50

Medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsel

Question 51

where does the Extensor digitorum longus insert?

Answer 51

Distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Question 52

where does the extensor hallucis longus insert?

Answer 52

Distal phalanx of the big toes

Question 53

what does the leg anterior compartment muscle tendons pass under?

Answer 53

The extensor retinacula

Question 54

what is the function of the leg anterior compartent muscles?

Answer 54

Ankle- dorsiflexion Toes- Extension of the hallus (extensor hallucis longus)extension of toes 2-5 (extensor digitorum longus) Subtalar joint- Inversion (tibialis anterior) Stabilise medial longitudinal arch (tibialis anterior)

Question 55

what are the leg lateral compartmemt muscles?

Answer 55

Fibularis (peroneus) longus Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Question 56

what is the origin of the leg lateral muscles?

Answer 56

Both originate from the fibula

Question 57

where does the fibularis longus insert?

Answer 57

Base of the 1st metatarsal , passes under the foot

Question 58

where does the fibularis brevis insert?

Answer 58

base of 5th metatarsal

Question 59

what is the function of the fibularis longus?

Answer 59

Help stabilize the transverse arch

Question 60

what is the function of the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?

Answer 60

Ankle- weak plantarflexion Subtalar joint - Eversion Toes- no action Both stabilise lateral longitudinal arch

Question 61

which tendons stabilize the medial foot arch?

Answer 61

Medial longitudinal arch is supported by tendons that pass on medial aspect of foot - tibialis anterior -tibialis posterior - Long toe flexor tendons (when walking)

Question 62

which tendons stabilse the lateal foot arch?

Answer 62

Lateral longitudianal arch is supported by tendons that pass on the lateral aspect of the foot - fibularis longus -Fibularis brevis

Question 63

Which tendons stabilise the transverse foot arch?

Answer 63

The transverse arch is supported by tendons that pass transversely -Fibularis longus -Small intrinsic muscles of the foot