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ANAT241- Module 3 > Leg and ankle > Flashcards

Leg and ankle Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the foot and ankle?

A

Stability
Mobility

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2
Q

how do the foot an ankle provide stability?

A

-Stable base to support body weight during stance and locomotion
-Rigid lever for effective push-off during gait

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3
Q

how do the foot and ankle provide mobility?

A

Influences other joints
Flexible for shock absorption
Conform to changing surfaces

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4
Q

what is the tibial tuberosity?

A

attachment site of the patellar tendon

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5
Q

what are the bones of the leg?

A

Tibia (large)
Fibula (small)

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6
Q

what runs between the tibia and fibula?

A

interosseous membrane

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7
Q

what type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?

A

Synovial joint

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8
Q

what type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis- fibrous joint with limited movement

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9
Q

what strengthens the inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

The anterior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior tibiofibular ligament

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10
Q

why are the arches of the foot important?

A

shock absorption

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11
Q

what are the 3 arches of the foot?

A

Medial arch
Lateral arch
Transverse arch

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12
Q

what are the three major bone groups of the foot?

A

Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals

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13
Q

what are the names of the tarsels?

A

Cuneiforms (Medial, Intermediate, Lateral)
Navicular
Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus

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14
Q

what forms the arches of the foot?

A

Bones, ligaments, plantar fascia, muscles, tendons

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15
Q

what is the function of the foot arches?

A

-Stability and flexibility
-Absorb and distribute force
-Aid propulsion

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16
Q

what type of joint in the ankle joint?

A

Hinge joint

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17
Q

what are the movements at the ankle joint?

A

Plantar flexion (point toes down)
Dorsiflexion (lift toes up)

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18
Q

What do the ankle muscles passing over the foot dorsal surface do?

A

Dorsiflex the ankle joint and/or extend the toes

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19
Q

what do the ankle muscles passing over the foot plantar surface do?

A

Plantarflex the ankle joint and/or flex the toes

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20
Q

what bones form the ankle joint?

A

The Medial malleolus (tibia)
The lateral malleolus (fibula)
Inferior surface of the distal end of the tibia
- all form the socket

The Talus inserts into the socket

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21
Q

where is the subtalar joint?

A

Between the talus and calcaneus

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22
Q

what is the function of the subtalar joint?

A

Allows inversion and eversion

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23
Q

what do the medial foot muscles do?

A

Muscles inserting from the medial side allow inversion of the foot (towards the midline)

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24
Q

what do the lateral foot muscles do?

A

Muscles inserted from the lateral side allow eversion of the foot (away from the midline

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25
Q

what are the ankle ligaments?

A

Lateral collateral ligaments
Medial collateral (deltoid) ligament

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26
Q

what is the function of the lateral collateral ankle ligaments?

A

Restrict inversion
- commonly damaged in ankle sprain

27
Q

what is the function of the ankle medial collateral (deltoid) ligament?

A

Restricts Eversion
- stronger that the lateral collateral ligament

28
Q

when does a sprain commonly occur?

A

during inversion of plantar flexion
- these positions are when the lateral ligament is stretched

29
Q

what is the different rates of incidence of ankle sprain?

A

Female>Male
Children>Adolescents>Adults

30
Q

what are the muscle compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior
Lateral
Deep
Superficial
Posterior (has two parts, superficial and deep)

31
Q

what are the plantar flexor muscles?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus

32
Q

what is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A

Medial and lateral femoral condyles

33
Q

where is the insertion site of gastrocnemius?

A

Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

34
Q

what is the function of gastrocnemius?

A

Knee- flexes
Ankle- Plantarflexes
Propulsion during gait

35
Q

what innervates the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

36
Q

where is the soleus muscle located?

A

Deep to gastrocnemius
-does not cross the knee joint

37
Q

what is the origin of soleus?

A

Tibia and fibula
Interosseous membrane

38
Q

what is the insertion of soleus?

A

Calcaneus via calcaneal (archilles) tendon

39
Q

what is the function of soleus?

A

Knee- no action
Ankle- plantar flexion
Important postural muscle (during standing and propulsion during gait)

40
Q

what innervates the soleus?

A

Tibial nerve

41
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic foot muscles?

A

Control various foot movements
Each muscle has a belly in the leg and a long tendon attaching to the foot

42
Q

what are the features of the long tendons of the foot?

A

-These tendons are held in place by retinacuclum (fibrous tissue)
-Have associated bursae to reduce friction
-Bones and muscles create pulleys- biomechanical advantage

43
Q

where are the deep flexors located?

A

Deep posterior compartment of the leg

44
Q

what are the deep flexor muscles?

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor Digitorum longus
Flexor Hallucis longus

  • Their tendons pass posterior to medial malleolus
45
Q

what is the function of the deep flexors as the ankle and toes?

A

Ankle- plantar flexion of all toes
Toes- flexsion of big toe (flexor digitorum longus) and toes 2-5 (flexor hallucis longus)

Stabilise medial longitidinal arch

Propulsion at toe-off (flexor hallucis longus)

46
Q

what is the tibialis posterior tendon?

A

Spring ligament that supports the head of talus
Further supported by the TP tendon to maintain the medial arch

47
Q

what causes flat foot deformity?

A

Rupture of the spring ligament means it cannot support the head of the talus anymore

  • TP tendon can rupture because of ageing, trauma or denervation
48
Q

what are the three leg anterior compartment muscles?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

49
Q

what innervates the anterior compartment leg muscles?

A

Deep fibular nerve

50
Q

where does the tibialis anterior insert?

A

Medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsel

51
Q

where does the Extensor digitorum longus insert?

A

Distal phalanges of toes 2-5

52
Q

where does the extensor hallucis longus insert?

A

Distal phalanx of the big toes

53
Q

what does the leg anterior compartment muscle tendons pass under?

A

The extensor retinacula

54
Q

what is the function of the leg anterior compartent muscles?

A

Ankle- dorsiflexion
Toes- Extension of the hallus (extensor hallucis longus)extension of toes 2-5 (extensor digitorum longus)

Subtalar joint- Inversion (tibialis anterior)

Stabilise medial longitudinal arch (tibialis anterior)

55
Q

what are the leg lateral compartmemt muscles?

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

56
Q

what is the origin of the leg lateral muscles?

A

Both originate from the fibula

57
Q

where does the fibularis longus insert?

A

Base of the 1st metatarsal , passes under the foot

58
Q

where does the fibularis brevis insert?

A

base of 5th metatarsal

59
Q

what is the function of the fibularis longus?

A

Help stabilize the transverse arch

60
Q

what is the function of the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?

A

Ankle- weak plantarflexion
Subtalar joint - Eversion
Toes- no action

Both stabilise lateral longitudinal arch

61
Q

which tendons stabilize the medial foot arch?

A

Medial longitudinal arch is supported by tendons that pass on medial aspect of foot
- tibialis anterior
-tibialis posterior
- Long toe flexor tendons (when walking)

62
Q

which tendons stabilse the lateal foot arch?

A

Lateral longitudianal arch is supported by tendons that pass on the lateral aspect of the foot
- fibularis longus
-Fibularis brevis

63
Q

Which tendons stabilise the transverse foot arch?

A

The transverse arch is supported by tendons that pass transversely
-Fibularis longus
-Small intrinsic muscles of the foot

ANAT241- Module 3 (9 decks)

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