Pelvic Girdle and hip

Question 1

what is the function of the lower limb?

Answer 1

Movement and bipedal locomotion
Weight bearing
Force transmission

Question 2

what are the regions of the lower limb?

Answer 2

Gluteal
Thigh
Leg
Foot

Question 3

where is the gluteal?

Answer 3

pelvis area

Question 4

where is the thigh?

Answer 4

Between hip and knee

Question 5

where is the leg?

Answer 5

between the knee and ankle

Question 6

what lower limb movement is in the sagittal plane?

Answer 6

Flexion and extension

Question 7

what lower limb movement is in the Frontal/coronal plane?

Answer 7

Abduction and adduction

Question 8

what lower limb movement is in the transverse plane?

Answer 8

Rotation (internal/medial, external/lateral)

Question 9

what is circumduction?

Answer 9

multiaxial movement

Question 10

what compartmentalises the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 10

separated by fasia

Question 11

what are the muscle regions of the lower limb?

Answer 11

Anterior, medial and posterior

Question 12

what does each muscle region in the lower limb share?

Answer 12

A common function
A common blood and nerve supply

Question 13

what are the 3 plexuses in the body?

Answer 13

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbosacral

Question 14

What nerve plexus supplies the lower limb?

Answer 14

Lumbrosacral

Question 15

what forms the lumbrosacral plexus?

Answer 15

the anterior rami of L1 to S4

Question 16

what are the three main nerves of the lower limb?

Answer 16

Sciatic
Femoral
Obturator

Question 17

where is the sciatic nerve?

Answer 17

in the tibial and common fibular

Question 18

where is the femoral nerve?

Answer 18

underneath the inguinal ligament

Question 19

where is the obturator nerve?

Answer 19

on the medial foramin

Question 20

what do nerves supply?

Answer 20

muscles, joints over which they pass, and other tissues such as skin

Question 21

what are the tissue layer of the lower limb? Superficial to deep.

Answer 21

Skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Muscles
Bone

Question 22

what region of the skin does the obturator nerve supply?

Answer 22

the medial thigh

Question 23

what region of the skin does the femoral nerve supply?

Answer 23

Supplies the anterior thigh and medial leg skin

Question 24

what are the arteries that make up the arterial supply to the lower limb?

Answer 24

Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Fermoral artery

Question 25

when does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

Answer 25

when it passes underneath the inguinal ligament

Question 26

what is the function of veins?

Answer 26

to return deoxygenated blood back towards the heart

Question 27

what are the features of veins?

Answer 27

low blood pressure blood moves against gravity Have valves

Question 28

what is the function of valves in the lower limb?

Answer 28

prevent back-flow against gravity

Question 29

what are the two mechanisms that help venous blood movement?

Answer 29

Arteriovenous pump Musculovenouse pump

Question 30

what is the arteriovenous pump?

Answer 30

arterial pulse helps warm and push blood in accompanying veins

Question 31

what is the musculovenouse pump?

Answer 31

when skeletal muscle contracts, muscle bellies expansion helps propel venous blood

Question 32

where are superfical veins located?

Answer 32

outside to the deep fascia

Question 33

where are deep veins located?

Answer 33

Inside the muscle compartment

Question 34

what are the two major superficial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 34

Great saphenous vein Small saphenous vein

Question 35

where does the great saphenous vein empty?

Answer 35

into the femoral vein

Question 36

where does the small saphenous vein empty?

Answer 36

into the popliteal vein?

Question 37

what happens when the vein valves fail?

Answer 37

leads to varicose veins

Question 38

what are the components of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 38

Vertebrae Anterior superior iliac spine Pelvis Sacrum Coccyx Inguinal ligament Pubic tubercle Femur

Question 39

what is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 39

osteoligomentous ring connected by sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis

Question 40

what makes up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 40

Sacrum Hip bones Many ligaments

Question 41

what does the pelvic girdle laterally articulate with?

Answer 41

The Femora on either side

Question 42

what does the pelvic girdle inferiorly articulate with?

Answer 42

the Coccyx

Question 43

what does the pelvic girdle superiorly articulate with?

Answer 43

L5, the disc and verterbral body

Question 44

what is the role of the sacroiliac ligaments?

Answer 44

Sacroiliac ligaments help stabilize the sacroiliac joint

Question 45

what are the sacroiliac ligaments?

Answer 45

Anterior Interosseous (between bone) Posterior

Question 46

what is the sacrum?

Answer 46

5 fused vertebrae, contributes to the sacroiliac joint It hs a sacral canal (superior) and sacral hiatus (inferior) It is a continuation of the vertebral canal and contains sacral spinal nerves (spinal cord ends at L1/L2 level)

Question 47

what are the features of the pelvis?

Answer 47

Ilium Glutel lines Acetabulum Ishium Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Pubis

Question 48

what are the 3 fused bones of the pelvis?

Answer 48

the ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 49

what is the joint at the acetabulum?

Answer 49

Ball-and-socket joint

Question 50

when do the pelvic bones fuse?

Answer 50

late teens (~16-18)

Question 51

what attaches at the pelvis ischial tuberosity?

Answer 51

Hamstrings -extend the thigh -flex the knee

Question 52

what attaches at the iliac fossa?

Answer 52

The iliacus muscle (hip flexor)

Question 53

what is the obturator foramen?

Answer 53

Covered by obturator membrane Obturator nerve and vessels pass through it

Question 54

where are the attachment sites of the inguinal ligament?

Answer 54

The anterior superior iliac spine Pubic tubercle

Question 55

what is the inguinal canal?

Answer 55

superior to the inguinal ligament. Relevance to inguinal hernia

Question 56

what is the femoral artery?

Answer 56

under the inguinal ligament. Location for catheterization

Question 57

what ligaments form the greater sciatic foramen and the lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 57

The sacrospinous ligament The Sacrotuberous ligament

Question 58

what is the function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

Answer 58

Resist rotation of sacrum between hip bones Form boundaries of greater and lesser sciatic foramina

Question 59

what structures exit through the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 59

Piriformis muscle Superior and inferior gluteal nerves and associated blood vessels The sciatic nerve

Question 60

what muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 60

the hip abductor muscles -Gluteus medius -Gluteus minimus

Question 61

what muscles attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur?

Answer 61

the iliopsoas - psoas major - iliacus

Question 62

what type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 62

Synovial joint

Question 63

what are the features of a synovial joint?

Answer 63

ball and socket Multiaxial

Question 64

what are the components of the hip joint?

Answer 64

Acetabulum Head of femur

Question 65

what are the functions of the hip joint?

Answer 65

Links the lower limb to the pelvis Transmits upper body weight to the lower limb Designed for stability (most stable joint in the body) 2nd most moble joint in the body

Question 66

what are the two layers of the hip joint capsule?

Answer 66

Outer, fibrous layer Inner, synovial membrane

Question 67

where does the hip joint capsule attach?

Answer 67

attaches around margin of acetabulum and to femoral neck Reinforced by ligamenst

Question 68

what is the function of the hip joints capsular ligaments?

Answer 68

Stabilizes and strengthens the joint All ligaments are tight with hip extension This position is energy efficient

Question 69

what are the hip joint capsular ligaments?

Answer 69

Iliofemoral (Y-shaped, strongest) Ischiofemoral Pubofemoral

Question 70

what is the acetabular labrum?

Answer 70

Fibrocartilage structure, attached to the rim of the acetabulum It increases the articular area by ~10% to help fit the femoral head into the acetabulum