Skull and vertebral column

Question 1

what is the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

various bones that make up the skull

Question 2

what are the major components of the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

skull
vertebrae+discs
Ribs+cartilages
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 3

what are the functions of the skull?

Answer 3

• protecting brain and brainstem
• protecting sensory organs
• attachment site fo muscles involved in speech, chewing, eye movement, facial expression

Question 4

what are the joints of the skull?

Answer 4

Sutures
Temporomandibular joint

Question 5

what type of joints are sutures?

Answer 5

fibrous joints

Question 6

what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 6

synovial joint

Question 7

what are the features of the mandible?

Answer 7

• it attaches to the temporal bone via the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
• It is a site for muscle attachments
• It has alveolar process for teeth

Question 8

what is the skull made up of?

Answer 8

Viscerocranium
Neurocranium

Question 9

what are the singular bones of the skull?

Answer 9

Mandible, ethmoid, vomer

Question 10

what are the paired bones of the skull?

Answer 10

Maxillae
Zygomatic
Palatine
Nasal
Lacrimal
Inferior nasal conchae

Question 11

what are the single bones of the neurocranium?

Answer 11

frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
occipital

Question 12

what are the paired bones of the neurocranium?

Answer 12

temporal
parietal

Question 13

what is the skull frontal bone?

Answer 13

-forms the anterior and superior walls
- articulates with other bones via sutures

Question 14

what are the features of the frontal bone?

Answer 14

• Supraorbital notch/foramen (contains supraorbital vein, artery, nerve)
• Supraorbital ridge- on top of eyebrows

Question 15

what are the parietal bones of the skull?

Answer 15

-form the lateral and superior walls
- has temporal lines for temporalis muscle
- contribute to pterion (weak part of the skull)

Question 16

what are the features of each temporal bones?

Answer 16

• a mandibular fossa for the TMJ
• mastoid and styloid processes
• zygomatic process
• internal and external acoustic meatus

Question 17

what are the features of the occipital bone?

Answer 17

• forms posterior and floor of vault
• occipital protuberance (for muscle and ligament attachment)
• occipital condyles (for C1 articulation)
  -foramen magnum (for spinal cord)

Question 18

what are the structures on the base of the skull?

Answer 18

-Anterior cranical fossa
-Middle cranial fossae
-Hypophyseal fossa
-Posterior cranial fossa

Question 19

what is the function of the vertebral Column?

Answer 19

-Protecting the spinal cord and spinal nerves
-Keep the torso upright and attachment to pelvic girdle for bipedalism
-Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

Question 20

what are the mobile vertebrae?

Answer 20

-Cervical (7)
-Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)

Question 21

what are the fused vertebrae?

Answer 21

-Sacral (5)
-coccygeal (3-4)

Question 22

what are the features of typical vertebrae?

Answer 22

-body
-pedicle
-transverse process
-Lamina
-spinous process
-Articular processes

Question 23

what are the features of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 23

• small body
• Bifurcated spinous process
• transverse foramina for vertebral artery
• C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) are specialized

Question 24

what are the features of thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 24

• spinous process points downward
• has costal facets for rib attachment: superior, inferior, transverse
• little movement between two adjacent vertebrae
• multiple thoracic vertebrae allow more movements

Question 25

what are the features of lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 25

• large body for load bearing (transmit force from upper body)
• Do not allow much movement
• Distal end of the spinal cord ends at L1/L2
• Only cauda equina below this level; important site for lumbar puncture

Question 26

what is the sacrum?

Answer 26

5 fused vertebrae
Forms the sacroiliac joint with the pelvis
It has sacral canal (superior), sacral hiatus (inferior)

Question 27

what is the coccyx?

Answer 27

-the number varies between people
- Vestigial tail in humans
- forms the sacrococcygeal symphysis
- Easily fractured, deteriorates with age

Question 28

what is the zygapophyseal joint?

Answer 28

a synovial joint between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
- it forms the invertebral foramen, for spinal nerve

Question 29

where are intervertebral discs found?

Answer 29

between vertebrae, consisting of anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

Question 30

where are the vertebral ligaments located?

Answer 30

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments are located anterior and posterior to the vertebral body

Question 31

where is ligamentum flavum located?

Answer 31

between the adjacent lamina

Question 32

where does the ligamentum nuchae run?

Answer 32

It extends from external occipital protuberance to C7; for posterior neck support

Question 33

what are the vertebral ligaments?

Answer 33

-Ligamentum nuchae
- Supraspinous ligament
-Interspinous ligament

Question 34

where is the supraspinous ligament?

Answer 34

Connects the tip of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

Question 35

where is the interspinous ligament?

Answer 35

between spinous processes

Question 36

what is whiplash injury?

Answer 36

Hyperextension of the neck
- Anterior longitudinal ligament is stretch or torn