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NURS120 > Gas Exchange & Oxygenation > Flashcards

Gas Exchange & Oxygenation Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Upper airway is divided into which 2 areas

A

pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

pharynx includes which 3 sections

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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3
Q

purpose of naso and oropharynx

A

warm, filter, and humidify air

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4
Q

left and right lung has how many lobes

A

left has 2 lobes
right has 3 lobes

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5
Q

what system is the diaphragm controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

what does the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do when we inhale and exhale

A

inhale: diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (negative air pressure)
exhale: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

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7
Q

what is the lubricant that keeps alveoli from collapsing

A

surfactant

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8
Q

atelactasis

A

lack of surfactant so the lung tissue collapses, loss of volume in expansion

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9
Q

what can cause atelactasis

A

use of general anesthesia or opioids

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10
Q

what is known as the flow of air in and out of the alveoli

A

ventilation

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11
Q

what is known as the flow of blood into the alveolar capillaries

A

perfusion

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12
Q

which cells sense and respond to changes in the gas levels in the respiratory system

A

chemoreceptors

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13
Q

chemoreceptors monitor which gas levels

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
hydrogen ions

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14
Q

the gas levels impact what measurements in the respiratory system

A

arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements

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15
Q

lung compliance

A

ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased alveolar pressure; may be affected by atelectasis

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16
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

max air; total lung capacity
additional air breathed in after typical inspiration

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17
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired or expired with each breath

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18
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining after expiration

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19
Q

forced vital capacity

A

air expelled 1 sec during forced expiration

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20
Q

vital capacity

A

max air expelled after max inspiration
take a deep breath and exhale as forcefully as possible

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21
Q

total lung capacity

A

air remained in the lungs after maximal inspiration

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22
Q

after the blood leaves the right ventricle, where does it go

A

pulmonary artery and into the lungs for oxygenation

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23
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional air expelled after a typical expiration

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24
Q

S1 sound of the heart cause

A

closure of the atrioventricular valves - mitral and tricuspid valves

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25
S2 sound of the heart cause
closure of the semilunar valves - aortic and pulmonary valves
26
Cardiac output (CO)
volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 min
27
Stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during contraction
28
Preload
end-diastolic volume; amount the ventricles stretch after diastole
29
Frank-Starling mechanism
the more the ventricles stretch at the end-diastolic volume, the greater the contraction and higher the stroke volume
30
Afterload
resistance the left ventricle must exert to eject blood
31
where is the SA node located
wall of the right atrium
32
electrical conduction of the heart starting with SA node
SA node AV node bundle of His right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers
33
why does nicotine increase BP and HR
promotes vasoconstriction which decreases blood flow
34
stress hormone
cortisol released by the hypothalamus
35
how to assess the jugular vein distention (JVD)
client reclined to 30 to 45 degrees with head turned slightly away; measure from sternal notch to the highest point of pulsation with a ruler
36
abnormal JVD
greater than 1.5inches indicates abnormal distention; increased central venous pressure
37
tactile fremitus
vibration felt in the chest wall during palpation while the client is speaking; decreased in pt with pleural effusion or penumothorax
38
pleural effusion
buildup of fluid in the pleural space
39
pneumothorax
air in the pleural space causing the lungs to collapse
40
how is edema scored
1 - 4 with 1 being slight imprint when palpated
41
what does crackles in the sound of lungs indicate
fluid filled alveoli; pneumonia or an infection
42
what does wheezing in the sound of lungs indicate
constricted airways; asthma and COPD
43
what does rhonchi in the sound of lungs indicate
obstruction of airway; asthma and COPD
44
what does stridor sounds of lungs indicate
emergency; inflammation of the epiglottis, viral infection
45
what can S3 sound indicate
heart failure if heard in adults
46
what can S4 sound indicate
aortic stenosis, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction
47
hypoxemia vs. hypoxia
hypoxemia: less amount of oxygen in the blood hypoxia: less amount of oxygen in the body tissue
48
what can hyperventilation lead to
alkalosis due to increased CO2 exhaled
49
what is atrial fibrillation; cause; what does it lead to
rapid, irregulat heartbeat starting at the atria; atria quivers instead of contracting; leads to blood clots from blood pooled in the atria
50
ventricular dysrhythmia cause and lead to
caused by electrical impulses starting in the ventricle; leads to chambers not filled with blood and not being pumped to the lungs and the body
51
manifestations of left-sided heart failure
hypoxia crackles in the lungs SOB
52
manifestations of right-sided heart failure
edema
53
regurgitation of the heart indicates what
valves not fully closing
54
stenosis
heart valve becomes narrow and stiff; causing blood to not move forward; prolonged stenosis causes hypertrophy of valves and can lead to heart failure
55
which valve is most commonly associated with valvular heart disease
aortic valve
56
3 factors that contribute to tissue perfusion
preload, contractility, and afterload
57
myocardial ischemia
blood supply reduced to the heart; blockage of coronary arteries
58
angina pectoris
chest pain due to CAD
59
what causes myocardial infarction
irreversible damage to the heart due to decreased oxygen flow that results in ischemia
60
what oxygen% level should pts with illnesses be kept at
88-92%
61
what O2 concentration is nasal cannula recommended for
1 - 6L/min (24 - 44% O2)
62
atelectasis
collapse of the lung
63
when to use a partial rebreather mask vs. non-rebreather mask
partial rebreather mask for moderate lvl of oxygen while non-rebreather mask is for high lvl of oxygen
64
purpose of aerosol mask
administer nebulized solutions - mist meds
65
stroke
blocked blood supply to the brain or a blood vessel in the brain bursts
66
what does continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine do
delivers a constant flow of air to create a positive pressure to keep the upper airways open
67
what does bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) machine do
deliver high pressure when inhaling and low pressure when exhaling
68
what can develop from oxygen toxicity
damage of cells and death
69
why can oxygen toxicity harm cells
high partial pressures that cause oxidative damage to cellular membranes; causing the alveoli to collapse
70
chest physiotherapy (CPT) consists of what
percussion of the chest, vibration, and postural drainage to get mucus out
71
pulmonary fibrosis
lung tissue damaged and scarred; causing thickening and stiffness
72
emphysema
alveoli damaged which causes SOB
73
flutter valve uses
used for breathing therapy
74
how is huff coughing performed
inhaling air and hold; forcefully exhaling
75
purpose of huff coughing
to dislodge mucus and get it out
76
how often should tracheostomy care be performed
every 4-8hrs

NURS120 (38 decks)

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