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Bmsc 208 > GI 6 > Flashcards

GI 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is most water absorbed

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

How is water absorbed in colon.

A

Na, Cl go into interstitial space and contribute to osmotic gradient which pulls water

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3
Q

What ions contribute to water absorption in small int

A

Na, Cl, AA’s, glucose, lipids

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4
Q

What is intestinal phase regulated by in small int

A

Distension, acidity, digestive products through short and long reflexes and endocrine signalling

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5
Q

What does regulation of intestinal phase in small int cause

A

Reduces motility and secretions in sotmach, increases in int
Increases secretions and motility in presence of chyme

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6
Q

What can cause variations in what is excreted in GI

A

2 different meals

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7
Q

What do long neural reflexes from duodenum cause

A

Increase sympathetic effferents and decrease parasympathetic to stomach causing decrease gastric emptying

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8
Q

Short reflexes from duodenum cause

A

Decrease gastric emptying in stomach

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9
Q

Distension, acidity and digestive products in duodenum also cuase

A

Increase secretions of enterogastrones (hormone)

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10
Q

Intestinal motility influenced primarily by

A

ENS neurons (myenteric plexus)

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11
Q

During fed state in sm int what type of contractions occur

A

Mostly segmental
Peristaltic

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12
Q

What are contractions stimulated by

A

Increased parasympathetic input (long reflexes)

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13
Q

During fasting state in sm int what type of contraction occurs

A

Migrating motor complex

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14
Q

What is migrating motor complex in sm int drive by

A

Alterations in parasympathetic input coupled with motilin from MO cells
Possibly by alkaline pH

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15
Q

Accessory secretions are caused by

A

Long reflexes

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16
Q

What secretes hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells in crypts

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17
Q

Cells that secrete GI peptides (hormones) in sm int

A

S cells, I cells, K cells, L cells

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18
Q

S cell

A

Secretin

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19
Q

I cells

A

Cholecystokinin

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20
Q

K cells

A

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

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21
Q

L cellls

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

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22
Q

What to villi do

A

Absorb substances and produce mucus

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23
Q

When do pancreatic secretions begin

A

Cephalic and gastric phases

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24
Q

What start secretions from pancreas

A

Sight, thought, smell of food will stimulate pancreas

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25
What hormone and neurons cause pancreatic secretions
Gastrin from G cells and parasympathetic neurons
26
What type of reflex is pancreatic secretions
Enteropancreatic
27
As chyme enters small int what happens to pancreas
Further parasympathetic output to further secretions
28
Where does parasympathetic output go to in pancreas
To duct cells and acinar cells to get more HCO3 and more enzyme secretion
29
What is secretin stimulated by
Acid entering the duodenum from stomach
30
What is primary role of secretin
Regulation of pH
31
2 ways secretion regulates pH
1. Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from pancreas (buffers stomach acid entering) 2. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion
32
What is secondary role of secretin
Stimulates bile secretion from liver
33
How is secretin stimulated to be released in stomach to go and act on pancreas
H+ stimulated S cells in duodenum which then secretin acts on duct cells stimulating HCO3 secretion
34
What is all 4 hormones secondary role
Inhibition of gastric acid secretion and motility and this gastric emptying in sm int
35
What do the enterogastrones inhibit to inhibit gastric acid secretion and motility
Parietal cells, Gcells and ECL cells
36
What is cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulated by
Presence of fatty acids and amino acids in chyme Primarily fat
37
2 roles of CCK
1. Regulate pancreatic enzyme secretion 2. Regulate bile secretion (secondary)
38
What cells does CCK stimulate
Acinir cells in pancreas which drives enzyme secretion to sm int
39
What does increase enzymes caused by CKK cause in sm it
Increased digestion of fats and protein
40
How does CCK regulate bile secretion
Contraction of gallbladder Relaxation of sphincter of oddi
41
Primary endocrine function of GIP and GIP-1
Glucose homeostasis
42
What causes GIP and GIP-1 secretion
Carbs entering sm int
43
What does GIP and GLP-1 cause
Feedforward production of insulin so can take up glucose once enters bloodstream
44
Enterogastric reflex
Acid, enzymes, and digested food results in hyperosmotic chyme that inhibits gastric emptying
45
Main role of large int
Store and concentrate fecal matter
46
How much chyme proceeds through ileocecal valve
1.5L
47
How dose chyme proceed through ileocecal valve
Valve relaxes as contraction proceeds through ileum
48
Gastroileal reflex
Food in stomach causes contraction of ileum and relaxation of ileocecal valve
49
Parts of large int
Ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
50
What is site of fluid secretions in large int
Intestinal glands Primarily mucus from goblet cells
51
What is absorbed and what is left in large int
Ions and water reabsorbed leaving 0.1L
52
What does large int lack
Villi because decreased absorption
53
Secretions in large int
Minimal and primarily mucus from goblet cells
54
Digestion in large int
Traditionally believed zero
55
How are indigestible complex carbs, fats and proteins broken down
By bacteria through fermentation process
56
What does fermentation process prodce
1. Lactate and short chains FA’s 2. Absorbable vitamins (k) 3. Gases
57
What are short chain FA’s used for
By colonocytes for energy production
58
3 parts of motility in large int
1. Slow segmental contractions 2. Haustral rolling or churning 3. Mass peristalsis
59
How long is digestion in large int
18-24 hours
60
Haustral rolling or churning
Thickened bands of longitudinal muscle layer Taenia coli (creates pouched called Haustra) Rolls fecal matter through
61
Mass peristalsis
Forceful contraction initiated in transverse colon 2-3 times per day
62
What reflex causes mass peristalsis
Gastrocolic reflex, stimulated by food in stomach Pushes everything down to make more room

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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