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Bmsc 208 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 primary functions of respiratory system

A
  1. Exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood
  2. Homeostatic regulations of body pH
  3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  4. Vocalization
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2
Q

By what mechanism does air exchange occur

A

Bulk flow

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3
Q

What principles does air exchange occur similar to CV system

A
  1. Flow from region of high to low pressure
  2. Muscular pump creates pressure gradients
  3. Resistance is influenced by diameter of tubes through which air is flowing
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4
Q

What is external respiration

A

Movement of gases between environment and cells within body
- all processes other than cellular respiration

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5
Q

What is the 4 steps of external respiration

A

Exchange 1: atmosphere to lung (ventilation)
2: lung to blood
3: transport of gases in the blood
4: blood to cells

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6
Q

What does external respiration require

A

Coordination between the respiratory and CV systems
- don’t want one working harder

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7
Q

3 structures involved in ventilation and gas exchange

A
  1. Conducting system or airways
  2. Bones and muscles of thorax
  3. Alveoli
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8
Q

What are muscles involved in ventilation

A

Sterocleidomastoids,scalenes, intercostals, diaphragm, abdominal

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9
Q

Upper airways

A

Nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx

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10
Q

What are lungs composed of

A

Light spongy tissue that is occupied mostly of air-filled spaces (alveoli filled with air)

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11
Q

Which lung is larger

A

Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes because cardiac notch for heart

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12
Q

What is each lung surrounded by

A

Double walled pleural sac

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13
Q

What are 2 parts of pleural sac surrounding lungs

A

Visceral pleura and parietal pleura

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14
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Connected to outside surface of lungs

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15
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Connected to inside surface of thoracic cavity

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16
Q

What exists between pleura layers

A

Fluid

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17
Q

What are functions of fluid between pleura

A
  • created moist slippery surface (no friction)
  • holds lungs tight to thoracic wall (they want to recoil but held together like two panes of glass with water between)
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18
Q

Stages of air flow

A

Nasal cavity/mouth -> pharynx-> larynx -> trachea -> primary bronchi -> smaller bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

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19
Q

What is trachea

A

Semi flexible tube held open with 15-20 cartilage rings

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20
Q

How do airways follow similar branching to CV system

A

Every division 2 daughter airways have greater C.S.A. Than parent

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21
Q

What is velocity of airflow inversely proportional to

A

Cross sectional area

22
Q

What surrounds bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle

23
Q

How do upper airways and bronchi condition air before reaching alveoli

A
  1. Warm air to body temp
  2. Add water vapour
  3. Filtering out foreign material
24
Q

What type of breathing is more efficient in conditioning air

A

Nose breathing

25
Q

How does nasal cavity make conditioning air more efficient

A

Large surface area
Rich blood supply
Nasal hair (filters foreign material)

26
Q

How does the shape of the nasal airway affect the efficiency of conditioning air

A

Causes particles to embed in mucus at back of pharynx and slide down to esophagus

27
Q

Where does further filtration occur

A

Trachea and bronchi

28
Q

What 2 cells are in the trachea for filtration

A

Ciliated epithelia and goblet cells

29
Q

What do the epithelial cells produce

A

Saline

30
Q

What do the goblet cells produce

A

Mucus

31
Q

What covers the cilia

A

Saline covers cilia and mucus sits over the saline

32
Q

What does mucus contain

A

Immunoglobulins

33
Q

What is the mucocilliary escalator

A

Epithelial cells contain cilia which push mucus towards the pharynx

34
Q

What do the cilia do

A

Beat upward pulling saline layer, which pulls mucus so anything imbedded will move up to pharynx and down esophagus or expelled

35
Q

How do particles get imbedded in mucus

A

Trachea large so velocity of air flow rapid and turbulent, particles hit walls

36
Q

Why is saline necessary for mucocilliary escalator function

A

Cilia move saline which pulls mucus layer upward
- without cilia would become embedded in thick mucus and unable to move

37
Q

What is the CFTR channel (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator)

A

Produces saline

38
Q

Steps of CFTR channel

A
  1. NKCC transporter on basolateral layer moves Na, Cl, K, into cell
  2. CFTR allows CL to enter lumen and created electrochemical gradient
  3. Gradient draws Na from ECF to lumen
  4. NaCl movement created concentration gradient so water follows into lumen
39
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis

A

Mutation in gene producing CFTR
Reduces production of saline

40
Q

What happens in cystic fibrosis

A

Mucus cannot be cleared allowing bacteria to colonize in airways leading to lung infections
Also affects pancreas

41
Q

What is the site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

42
Q

How many alveoli in adult respiratory system

A

300-600 million

43
Q

Where are alveoli

A

Clustered at ends of bronchioles

44
Q

What are characteristics of alveoli

A

Heavily vascularized- 80-90% covered
Huge surface area

45
Q

What is alveolar structure

A

Type 1 alveolar cell
Type II alveolar cell
Macrophage

46
Q

What is type I alveolar cell for

A

Gas exchange
95% of surface area

47
Q

What is type II alveolar cell for

A

Produces surfactant for fluid

48
Q

How much of total blood volume does pulmonary circulation contain

A

0.5L or 10% (75ml in capillaries)

49
Q

Why is rate of blood flow through lungs high

A

CO is equal in pulmonary and systemic circuits

50
Q

What is systolic and diastolic of pulmonary circuit

A

25/8 mmHg

51
Q

How does pulmonary circuit maintain same rate with low pressure

A
  • low resistance (shorter circuit, more distensible, larger CSA of arterioles)
  • doesn’t pump against gravity
52
Q

What does low pressure mean for filtration

A

Minimal filtration of fluid out
- lymphatics remove any fluid that does get filtered and keeps diffusion distance to minimum

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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