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Bmsc 208 > Renal 8 > Flashcards

Renal 8 Flashcards

1
Q

All things that stimulate AVP release also stimulate thirst, what is the exception

A

Dry mouth stimulates thirst

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2
Q

What are 2 physiological changes that influence sodium appetite

A

Increase aldosterone
Increase ANG II

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3
Q

What other behaviours can prevent dehydration

A

Avoidance behaviours
Ex) midday nap to avoid hottest part of day

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4
Q

What does the CV system respond to

A

Changes in blood volume and pressure

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5
Q

What does the renal system respond to

A

Changes in blood volume and/or osmolarity

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6
Q

What do behavioural mechanisms respond to

A

Osmolarity and blood volume

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7
Q

May occur with eating salty food and drinking liquids at the same (=ingestion of hypertonic saline)

A

Increase volume and increase osmolarity
Need to excrete the solid and liquid to match what was taken in

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8
Q

If salt and water is ingested in equivalent to isotonic solution (water=salt)

A

Increase volume, no change in osmolarity

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9
Q

Drinking pure water without ingesting solute

A

Increase volume and decrease osmolarity
- kidneys cannot excrete pure water so some solute lost
- need behavioural mechanisms to bring salt in

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10
Q

Eating salt without drinking water

A

No volume change, increase in osmolarity
- increases ECF osmolarity shifting water from cells to ECF
- thirst and kidneys produce concentrated urine

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11
Q

Water and solutes lost in sweat but only water replace

A

No change volume, decrease in osmolarity
- can lead to hypokalemia
- sports drinks can replace both

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12
Q

Dehydration due to heavy exercise or diarrhea

A

Decrease volume and increase osmolarity
- can lead to cell dysfunction
- increase water intake

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13
Q

Decrease volume and no change in osmolarity

A

Hemorrhage, need blood transfusion or isotonic solution

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14
Q

Decrease volume and osmolarity

A

Incomplete compensation for dehydration

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15
Q

What does severe dehydration result in

A

Loss of ECF volume, decrease BP, increase osmolarity

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16
Q

What 3 compensatory mechanisms restore dehydration factors

A
  1. Conserving fluid
  2. Trigger CV reflexes to increase BP
  3. Stimulate thirst
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17
Q

During severe dehydration decrease ECF volume would signal what

A

Increase aldosterone release but also increased osmolarity inhibits this
Osmolarity reigns and aldosterone not secreted

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18
Q

What signals CVCC during dehydration

A

Carotid and aortic baroreceptors

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19
Q

What does CVCC cause during dehydration

A

SA node control shifts from parasympathetic to sympathetic

20
Q

What does sympathetic shift cause during dehydration

A

A. Force of ventricular contraction increases
B. increase peripheral resistance
C. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles on kidney decreases GFR, conserves fluid
D. Activity at granular cells increases renin secretion

21
Q

What are the renal mechanism during dehydration

A

Decreased BP decreases GFR

22
Q

Renin-angiotensin mechanisms in response to dehydration

A

Paracrine feedback at macula dense cells cause granular cells to release renin
Granular cells respond to decreased BP and release renin

23
Q

What is hypothalamic mechanisms to dehydration

A

Decreased BP, volume, increased osmolarity, and increased AG II stimulate vasopressin and thirst center
ANGII reinforces CV response

24
Q

What do all the mechanisms to repair dehydration result in

A
  1. Rapid attempt by CVCC to maintain BP
  2. Restoration of water by conservation and fluid intake
  3. Restoration of osmolarity by decrease Na reabsorption and increase water reabsorption + intake
25
Q

What is the pH of a solution

A

Measurement of H+ concentration

26
Q

What is normal H+ concentration of arterial plasma

A

~0.00004 mEq/L very small

27
Q

What is pH expressed as

A

Logarithmic pH scale of 0-14

28
Q

What is pH 7

A

Neutral

29
Q

Below 7.0 and H+ concentration greater than 1x10^-7

A

Acidic

30
Q

Above pH of 7.0 and H+ below 1x10^-7 M

A

Alkaline (basic)

31
Q

What is normal plasma pH of body

A

7.38-7.42, slightly alkaline

32
Q

What sections of body can be very acidic

A

Gastric region 1.0-3.5
Urine 4.5-8.0

33
Q

What are sensitive to pH changes

A

Intracellular proteins such as enzymes and membrane channels

34
Q

what does the function of proteins depend on

A

Normal three dimensional structure

35
Q

What do changes in H+ concentration result in

A

Disruptions in hydrogen bond altering structure and denaturing proteins

36
Q

Very low pH (excess H+) can result in

A

Acidosis
- CNS depression, confusion, coma

37
Q

High pH, low H+ can cause

A

Alkalosis
- hyperexcitability in sensory neurons and muscles
- sustained respiratory muscle contraction

38
Q

In day to day function what is the body challenged with pH balance

A

Intake and production of acids more than bases

39
Q

What is acid input due to

A

Diet and acid production during metabolism

40
Q

What is the largest source of acid

A

CO2 from aerobic metabolism

41
Q

What three mechanisms does pH homeostasis depend on

A
  1. Buffers (first line of Defense)
  2. Ventilation (75% of disturbances)
  3. Renal regulation of H+ and HCO3(slowest)
42
Q

Buffer

A

Molecule that moderates, but does not prevent changes in pH by combining with or releasing H+

43
Q

What does presence of buffers do

A

H+ is bound not contributing to pH

44
Q

Where are buffers found

A

Within cells and in plasma

45
Q

Intracellular buffers

A

Cellular proteins (hemoglobin), phosphate ions

46
Q

What is the most important extracellular buffer

A

HCO3 (buffers h+ from non respiratory sources, no co2)

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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