Gloss over it (BH10-24-2018) Flashcards by William Butler

data transmission scheme wherein the carrier is shifted in amplitude

ASK (amplitude shift keying)

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a continuously varying signal with an unlimited number of possible values of amplitude and frequency

Analog signals

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8 to 12 degree angled cut end

APC (angle polish connector)

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data transmission that allows characters to be sent at irregular intervals by preceding each character with a 0 and by ending each character with a 1

asynchronous

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the difference between transmitted and received power resulting from the loss through equipment, lines, or other transmission devices. usually expressed in dB

attenuation

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a circuit that automatically adjusts the gain of an amplifier so that the output signal levels stay constant despite varying input levels

AGC (automatic gain control)

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a high speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a network

backbone

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light that is reflected back to the source and contributes to the optical fiber loss

backscattered light

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number of changed states that can occur per second

Baud

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smallest unit of computerized dat

binary digit (bit)

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constrained to have two states (on and off)

binary format

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a set of bits that represent a single character

byte

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a unit consisting of various hardware and software entities that acts as a hand off point between the HFC and internet

CMTS

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a continuous wave frequency onto which information is modulated for transport

carrier frequency

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the glass material surrounding the fiber core. has a lower refractive index and reflects the light back into the core

cladding

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a device that scores and then breaks the optical fiber

cleaver

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acrylic or plastic material applied over the cladding and core. protects the fiber and adds to its strength

coating

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a clustering of beats 1.25 Mhz above the visual carriers

CSO (composite second order)

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a form of interference or noise resulting from the mixing of all of the various carriers in a CATV network

CTB (composite triple beat)

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a graphic depiction of the 4 phase states of a quadrature shift key signal

constellation diagram

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the center of the fiber that carries the transmitted light

core

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a steam of atomic nuclei that enters the earths atmosphere at speeds approaching that of light

cosmic rays

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allows multiple wavelengths above and below a center wavelength to be carried on a single optical fiber

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

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a device that converts an amount of light to a power level

detector

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discontinuous signal whose various states are discrete intervals apart

digital signal

device used to convert a analog signal to a digital signal

digitizer

separates and combines based on frequency

diplex filter

an analyzer setting that allows for testing modulated carriers

gated mode

one billion cycles per second

gigahertz

having or relating to a frequency below the audibility range of the human ear

infrasonic

noise caused by inherent instabilities within a laser

RIN (relative intensity noise)

the part of the packet that contains the data being sent

payload

an alternate feed used as a backup it contains the same info as the primary configuration but is routed in a different path

redundant

provision for connection to a device such as a tap, splitter, STB, or computer

Port

the square root of the sum of the squares of the amplitude of individual components of a function, such as frequency components of a signal

RMS (root means square)

3 most basic functions of any spectrum analyzer

frequency, span, amplitude

digital modulation wherein the frequency of the carrier is shifted

FSK (frequency shift keying)

cumulative effect of the return path distortions, they are added to the signal at carious locations in the HFC network

Funnel effect

method of joining 2 optical fibers of the same type using an elctrical arc to form a precision splice

fusion splicing

an analyzer setting that allows for testing modulated carriers

gated mode

analyzer feature that allows intrusive tests to be performed in a non-intrusive manner

gated testing

one billion cycles per second

gigahertz

device used to combine the channels for entry onto the cable or fiber optic transmitter

head end combiner

a facility between the headend and the customer that performs many of the functions of the head end.

Hubsite

the 4 part numeric address that is assigned to a computer or an account as an identification tool

internet protocol address (IP)

a device that generates a light source used in optical fiber communication

LASER

fibers are contained in a plasti tube much larger than the optical fibers. fibers can move freely within the tube

Loose tube

a temporary joining of 2 optical fibers of the same type using a plastic form to hold and lock the fibers together higher splice loss than fusion splic

mechanical splice

the process of varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier to be instep with the instantaneous value of the modulating waveform

modulation

an electrical or optical process that combines several individual signals or wavelengths into a single carrier or path

multiplexing

one billionth of a meter

nanometer

specifications standard approved by the fcc in 1953 for commercial analog color TV broadcasting

NTSC (national television standards committee)

a computer circuit board installed in a computer so that the computer can be connected to a network. provides a dedicated, full-time connection to a network.

NIC (network interface card)

the lowest possible power level determined by the thermal noise generated within the electrical components being tested

noise floor

in order to obtain an accurate recreation of a signal it must be sampled at a rate of at least the highest frequency

nyquists rule

an extremely thin flexible thread of pure cladding glass able to carry millions of times the information of a traditional copper wire and do it over greater distances

optical fiber

measurement based on the equivalent heating power of the light. measured in dBm

optical power

device used to test the optical power. it converts the amount of light present to a dBm level

optical power meter

3 types of optical power meters

Silicon (Si) Germanium (Ge) Indium-Gallium Arsenide (In-Ga-As)

found within the optical node or in the head end where information modulated onto the downstream and upstream light carriers are recovered

optical receiver

test equipment used to visually see the losses, breaks, and distance measurements in an optical link

OTDR (optical time domain reflectometer)

similar in function to a hubsite but serving fewer customers

OTN (optical transition node)

provides the means to modulate to RF carriers on to a coherent beam of light is then coupled to the fiber optic cables for routing to the systems fiber nodes or other optical receivers where carriers are recovered

Optical Transmitter

loss of service to our customers due to a fault in the delivery network

outage

an extra bit added to help check if the data being transferred is correct

parity bit

fiber based network which use passive splitters to deliver signals to multiple locations

PON (passive optical network)

a board for making optical connections consisting of sleeves used to line up 2 connectors

patch panel

the highest power level (amplitude) reached by a carrier

Peak

used to detect light from an optical fiber and convert the light to an electrical source

photo diode

attached optical fiber from the device to an optical connector

pigtail

a photo diode used to detect light from an optical fiber and converts the light to an electrical source

pin diode

a switch or collection of switches connecting multiple networks

POP (point of presence)

provision for connection to a device such as a tap, splitter, set top box or computer

Port

digital modulation scheme that changes the phase and the amplitude

QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

the ratio of the velocity of light of 2 mediums of optical glass

Refractive index

usually a passive device such as a splitter or directional coupler used to combine radio frequency signals from one source with those from another

RF combiner

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum used to send and receive telecom signals over the air

RF spectrum

divides a signal into 2 equal paths

splitter

network architecture where nodes, hubs, or head ends may be connected with fiber optic cables to provide redundancy or increase services

Ring

required to "ring" the phone, typically between 70 and 90 volts at 17 to 20Hz

ringing voltage

the square root of the sum of the squares of the amplitude of individual components of a function, such as frequency components of a signal

RMS (root means square)

device used to wrap and store excess fiber in an aerial location

snowshoe

a cabinet or rack that houses the splices of the outside plant fiber to the inside headend, node or OTN fiber

Splice Panel

central data point communicating with end points of a network. all data communications must flow through the central point

Star

device that opens or breaks a circuit path in a telephone call. looks at the incoming data and determines where the data should get routed

Switch

used in synchronous transmissions to maintain synchronization between transmitter and receiver

sync bits

condition that occurs when 2 events happen in a specific time relationship with each other and both are under control of a master clock. characters are spaced by time not start/stop bits. fewer bits=less time to transmit

synchronous

used to test for impedance mismatches (discontinuities) on coaxial cable

TDR (time domain reflectometer)

1 trillion hertz

THz

modulating technique that interweaves multiple conversations based on time

TDMA (time division multiple access)

10log(average symbol power/average error power)

MER (dB)

cable loss + passive loss

total loss

starting level - total loss

expected level

amplitude vs. time

oscilliscope

amplitude vs. frequency

analyzer

percentage of light passed by each port

optical splitters

CMTS Modem = transmit levels

Long loop AGC

390nM-780nM

visible light

0 to 12 Hz

infrasonic

(8x10-21)

cosmic rays

4-13GHz

satellite

1271nM-1611nM

CWDM

digital carrier RMS/ noise floor RMS=

carrier to noise

errored bits vs. total bits per second

BER

10LOG(mw)

dBm

2ndLOG (dBm/10)

20LOG (E(mv)/1) or 20LOG (E1(mv)/E2(mv))

dBmv

10LOG P1/P2 10 times the log10 power of p1/p2