GPT 1.12 Notes Flashcards
(20 cards)
What systems regulate blood pressure physiologically?
Autonomic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), kidneys, adrenal glands
How does the autonomic nervous system control blood pressure?
Sympathetic activation increases heart rate and vasoconstriction; parasympathetic decreases heart rate
What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure?
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I → ACE converts to angiotensin II causing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
How do the kidneys and adrenals regulate blood pressure?
Kidneys regulate fluid volume via sodium and water retention; adrenal cortex releases aldosterone to increase sodium retention
Define hypertension and its classification.
Persistent elevation of blood pressure >140/90 mmHg; classified as primary (essential) or secondary hypertension
What is the pathophysiology of primary hypertension?
Multifactorial: genetic predisposition, increased sympathetic tone, RAAS activation, vascular remodeling
What are common causes of secondary hypertension?
Renal disease, endocrine disorders (e.g. pheochromocytoma), coarctation of aorta
What are the clinical features of hypertension?
Often asymptomatic; severe cases may cause headache, visual changes, or symptoms related to organ damage
What are the consequences of hypertension on arteries?
Accelerates atherosclerosis, causes arteriosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction
How does hypertension affect the heart?
Left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic heart disease
What are the effects of hypertension on kidneys?
Nephrosclerosis leading to chronic kidney disease and renal failure
What ocular changes result from hypertension?
Hypertensive retinopathy: hemorrhages, exudates, papilledema
What investigations are used in hypertension?
Multiple blood pressure readings, urinalysis, blood tests (renal function, electrolytes), ECG, fundoscopy
What are key lifestyle management strategies for hypertension?
Dietary sodium restriction, weight loss, regular exercise, limiting alcohol, smoking cessation
What are the main classes of antihypertensive drugs?
ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers
What is the pharmacological action of ACE inhibitors?
Block conversion of angiotensin I to II, causing vasodilation and reduced aldosterone secretion
How do ARBs lower blood pressure?
Block angiotensin II receptors, preventing vasoconstriction and aldosterone effects
What is the role of calcium channel blockers in hypertension?
Relax vascular smooth muscle, decreasing peripheral resistance
How do thiazide diuretics lower blood pressure?
Increase sodium and water excretion, reducing blood volume
What is the mechanism of beta-blockers in hypertension?
Reduce heart rate and contractility, decreasing cardiac output
