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GPT Haematology Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

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2
Q

What are the key proteins in plasma?

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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3
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin

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4
Q

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

A

About 120 days

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5
Q

Which organ removes old RBCs?

A

Spleen

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6
Q

What cells are involved in immune defense in the blood?

A

White blood cells (leukocytes)

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7
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

What cell fragments are key to clotting?

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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10
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Bone marrow of axial skeleton and proximal long bones

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11
Q

What are the two main lineages of blood cell differentiation?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

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12
Q

What hormone stimulates RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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13
Q

What hormone stimulates platelet production?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

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14
Q

What does a pluripotent stem cell differentiate into?

A

Myeloid or lymphoid progenitor

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15
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 globin chains + 4 heme groups

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16
Q

What molecule in hemoglobin binds oxygen?

A

Iron (Fe2+) in the heme group

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17
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Decreased pH or increased CO2 reduces hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

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18
Q

How does fetal hemoglobin differ?

A

It has higher oxygen affinity and is made of α2γ2 chains

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19
Q

What is primary hemostasis?

A

Formation of the platelet plug

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20
Q

What is the role of vWF?

A

Mediates platelet adhesion via GP1b

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21
Q

What stabilizes the platelet plug?

A

Fibrin from the coagulation cascade

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22
Q

What pathway does PT measure?

A

Extrinsic pathway

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23
Q

What pathway does aPTT measure?

A

Intrinsic pathway

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24
Q

What is the final step in the coagulation cascade?

A

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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25
What is the main function of the spleen in hematology?
Filters old RBCs and serves immune function
26
What organ produces most clotting factors?
Liver
27
Where do T-cells mature?
Thymus
28
Where do B-cells mature and undergo activation?
Lymph nodes
29
Normal hemoglobin range for males?
13.5–17.5 g/dL
30
Normal hemoglobin range for females?
12–16 g/dL
31
Normal WBC count?
4–11 x10⁹/L
32
Normal platelet count?
150–400 x10⁹/L
33
What is anemia?
A decrease in RBC count or hemoglobin concentration
34
What are the three main mechanisms of anemia?
Decreased production, increased destruction, blood loss
35
What lab test indicates RBC production?
Reticulocyte count
36
Which organ's failure leads to decreased EPO and anemia?
Kidney
37
What is microcytic anemia typically caused by?
Iron deficiency, thalassemia
38
What is leukemia?
Cancer of blood-forming tissues, leading to abnormal WBCs
39
What are the two major types of leukemia?
Acute and chronic
40
What cell type is elevated in lymphoid leukemias?
Lymphocytes
41
What cell type is elevated in myeloid leukemias?
Myeloid cells
42
Which organ is typically involved in leukemic cell clearance?
Bone marrow (overcrowded by blasts)
43
What does a rightward shift of the hemoglobin O2 dissociation curve indicate?
Decreased O2 affinity - hemoglobin releases O2 more easily to tissues
44
What does a leftward shift of the hemoglobin O2 dissociation curve indicate?
Increased O2 affinity - hemoglobin holds on to O2 more tightly
45
What are the causes of a rightward shift in the O2 dissociation curve?
Increased CO2, increased H+ (acidosis), increased temperature, increased 2,3-BPG, exercise - CADET, face Right
46
What are the causes of a leftward shift in the O2 dissociation curve?
Decreased CO2, decreased H+ (alkalosis), decreased temperature, decreased 2,3-BPG, fetal hemoglobin
47
What is the clinical relevance of a rightward shift in the O2 curve?
Enhances O2 delivery to tissues, especially during exercise, fever, or hypoxia
48
What is the clinical relevance of a leftward shift in the O2 curve?
Improves O2 loading in lungs but impairs O2 release to tissues
49
How does anemia affect the hemoglobin O2 dissociation curve?
Curve shape stays the same, but total O2 content is reduced due to less hemoglobin
50
How does carbon monoxide poisoning affect the O2 dissociation curve?
Causes a left shift and reduces O2 content because CO binds tightly to hemoglobin, blocking O2
51
How does high altitude affect the O2 dissociation curve?
Causes a right shift due to increased 2,3-BPG, which helps release O2 in tissues under low O2 pressure
52
Why does fetal hemoglobin (HbF) cause a leftward shift in the O2 curve?
Fetal hemoglobin has higher O2 affinity, allowing the fetus to extract O2 from maternal blood
53
What is the general definition and classification of macrocytic anemia?
Anemia with MCV >100 fL due to large red blood cells; classified as megaloblastic (impaired DNA synthesis) or non-megaloblastic (no DNA synthesis defect).
54
What are the key features of megaloblastic anemia?
Macro-ovalocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils, elevated MCV, sometimes pancytopenia.
55
What causes megaloblastic anemia?
Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, and drugs interfering with DNA synthesis like methotrexate.
56
What are the key features of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia?
Macrocytosis without hypersegmented neutrophils or ovalocytes; normal DNA synthesis.
57
What causes non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia?
Alcoholism, liver disease, hypothyroidism, reticulocytosis, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
58
Iron deficiency anemia
Microcytic anemia
59
Anemia of chronic disease
Microcytic or normocytic anemia
60
Beta thalassemia
Microcytic anemia
61
Alpha thalassemia
Microcytic anemia
62
Sideroblastic anemia
Microcytic anemia
63
Lead poisoning
Microcytic anemia
64
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
65
Folate deficiency
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
66
Pernicious anemia
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
67
Alcoholism-related anemia
Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
68
Liver disease anemia
Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
69
Hypothyroidism-related anemia
Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
70
Acute blood loss anemia
Normocytic anemia
71
Hemolytic anemia
Normocytic anemia
72
Aplastic anemia
Normocytic anemia
73
Chronic kidney disease anemia
Normocytic anemia
74
Anemia of chronic disease
Normocytic or microcytic anemia
75
What cells arise from the myeloid lineage?
Erythrocytes, megakaryocytes (platelets), granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), and monocytes.
76
What cells arise from the lymphoid lineage?
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells.
77
Where does adult hematopoiesis primarily occur?
In the bone marrow of the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
78
What cells are produced by megakaryocytes?
Platelets.
79
Which lymphoid cells are responsible for adaptive immunity?
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
80
What type of cells do monocytes differentiate into?
Macrophages and dendritic cells.

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