GPT 2.13 Notes Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is psychopathology?
The study of mental disorders including symptoms, etiology, and treatment
What brain areas are involved in thinking, speaking, and emotional regulation?
Prefrontal cortex, Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus)
How does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulate stress?
Hypothalamus releases CRH → pituitary releases ACTH → adrenal cortex releases cortisol
What hormones affect mood regulation?
Cortisol, thyroid hormones, sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Which neurotransmitters are involved in mood regulation?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, glutamate
What is the role of neurotransmitters in treating depression and anxiety?
Antidepressants and anxiolytics modulate serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA pathways
What are physical symptoms of anxiety?
Tachycardia, sweating, tremor, hyperventilation, muscle tension
What physiological systems cause anxiety symptoms?
Sympathetic nervous system activation (fight or flight response)
How to differentiate clinical depression from low mood due to stress?
Depression involves persistent symptoms, functional impairment, and biological signs
What are key features of depression?
Low mood, anhedonia, fatigue, sleep/appetite changes, suicidal ideation
What are key features of anxiety disorders?
Excessive worry, restlessness, irritability, physical symptoms
What is included in a psychiatric history?
Mood, thought content, perception, cognition, behavior, social functioning
What is assessed in the mental state exam?
Appearance, behavior, speech, mood, thought, perception, cognition, insight
How do biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to mental illness?
Genetics, brain chemistry, trauma, stress, social support, and life events
What are principles of managing depression and anxiety in primary care?
Psychological therapies, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle advice, follow-up
How do antidepressants work?
Increase monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) in the synaptic cleft
What are common classes of antidepressants?
SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics, MAO inhibitors
What is the pharmacology of anxiolytics?
Enhance GABA activity (e.g., benzodiazepines), serotonin modulation
What are hypnotic drugs used for?
Induce or maintain sleep by depressing CNS activity
