GPT 2.04 Notes

Question 1

What are the main structures of the upper GI tract?

Answer 1

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → duodenum

Question 2

What are the key roles of the exocrine pancreas and gall bladder?

Answer 2

Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes; gall bladder stores and concentrates bile

Question 3

What are the main physiological processes in upper GI digestion?

Answer 3

Mechanical breakdown, enzymatic digestion, acid secretion, bile emulsification

Question 4

What is the blood supply to the upper GI tract?

Answer 4

Celiac trunk branches: left gastric, splenic, common hepatic arteries

Question 5

What is the nerve supply to the upper GI tract?

Answer 5

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic), sympathetic fibers from thoracic splanchnic nerves

Question 6

How does embryology relate to upper GI anatomy?

Answer 6

Foregut origin structures share blood and nerve supply patterns

Question 7

What protective mechanisms exist in the upper GI tract?

Answer 7

Mucus secretion, bicarbonate buffering, tight epithelial junctions, rapid cell turnover

Question 8

What are the causes of GORD?

Answer 8

Lower esophageal sphincter incompetence, hiatal hernia, delayed gastric emptying

Question 9

What is the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 9

Imbalance between mucosal protective factors and acid/pepsin, often due to H. pylori or NSAIDs

Question 10

What are common causes of upper GI bleeding?

Answer 10

Peptic ulcers, esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tears, gastritis

Question 11

What are clinical features of upper GI bleeding?

Answer 11

Hematemesis, melena, hypotension, tachycardia

Question 12

What investigations are used for upper GI bleeding?

Answer 12

Endoscopy, blood tests (CBC, coagulation), blood type and crossmatch

Question 13

What is the immediate management of hypovolemic shock from GI bleed?

Answer 13

Airway protection, IV fluids, blood transfusion, monitoring vitals

Question 14

What are the key clotting pathways?

Answer 14

Intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways involving clotting factors

Question 15

What are risk factors for GI bleeding?

Answer 15

NSAIDs, alcohol, liver disease, coagulopathy, H. pylori infection

Question 16

What is pre-transfusion compatibility testing?

Answer 16

Blood grouping (ABO), Rh typing, antibody screening

Question 17

What are pharmacological treatments for upper GI disorders?

Answer 17

Proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, antacids, antibiotics for H. pylori

Question 18

What are risks of pharmacological treatments?

Answer 18

PPIs: risk of infection, nutrient malabsorption; NSAIDs: gastric irritation