GPT 2.02 Notes Flashcards
(19 cards)
What are the main anatomical components of the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
What is the surface anatomy of the thorax relevant to respiratory exam?
Landmarks: clavicle, sternum, ribs, intercostal spaces, scapula, lung borders
What are key respiratory system investigations and their purposes?
CXR (imaging), spirometry (lung function), blood gases, sputum culture, CT scan
What are obstructive vs restrictive lung function patterns?
Obstructive: reduced airflow (e.g. COPD, asthma); Restrictive: reduced lung volume (fibrosis)
What is the differential diagnosis of breathlessness?
Cardiac causes, respiratory causes (COPD, asthma, pneumonia), anemia, anxiety
What are clinical features relevant to haemoptysis differential?
Source (airway vs GI), associated symptoms (infection, malignancy, TB)
What are common pulmonary pathogens and immune responses?
Bacteria (S. pneumoniae), viruses (influenza), mycobacteria (TB), fungi; immune response includes macrophages, neutrophils
What are classical features of pulmonary TB vs pneumonia vs malignancy?
TB: chronic cough, night sweats, weight loss; Pneumonia: acute fever, productive cough; Malignancy: weight loss, hemoptysis
What are basic principles of antibiotic action?
Bactericidal vs bacteriostatic; target cell wall, protein synthesis, DNA replication
Define COPD and asthma.
COPD: chronic airflow limitation, mostly irreversible; Asthma: reversible airway obstruction with inflammation
What is the pathophysiology of COPD?
Chronic inflammation → airway narrowing, mucus hypersecretion, alveolar destruction
What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
Airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, bronchoconstriction
What are clinical features of COPD?
Chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea, wheeze
What are clinical features of asthma?
Episodic wheeze, cough, breathlessness, often triggered by allergens
What are main investigations for COPD and asthma?
Spirometry, peak flow, CXR, blood eosinophils (asthma)
What are principles of COPD management?
Smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy
What are principles of asthma management?
Trigger avoidance, inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists
What is the pharmacology of bronchodilators?
Beta-2 agonists relax airway smooth muscle
What is the pharmacology of corticosteroids in asthma/COPD?
Reduce airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
