GPT Endocrinology Notes

Question 1

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

Answer 1

Infundibulum

Question 2

What system carries hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 2

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 3

Which hormone inhibits prolactin release?

Answer 3

Dopamine

Question 4

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates ACTH release?

Answer 4

CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

Question 5

What hormone inhibits GH and TSH release?

Answer 5

Somatostatin

Question 7

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 7

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH (FLAT PEG)

Question 8

What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary derived from?

Answer 8

Oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

Question 9

What stimulates GH secretion?

Answer 9

GHRH from hypothalamus

Question 10

What hormone stimulates prolactin release?

Answer 10

TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)

Question 12

Where are posterior pituitary hormones synthesized?

Answer 12

Hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei)

Question 13

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 13

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

Question 14

What does ADH do?

Answer 14

Increases water reabsorption in kidneys (via V2 receptors)

Question 15

What stimulates oxytocin release?

Answer 15

Suckling, uterine stretch

Question 17

What hormones are produced by follicular cells?

Answer 17

T3 and T4

Question 18

What cells secrete calcitonin?

Answer 18

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

Question 19

What stimulates T3/T4 production?

Answer 19

TSH from anterior pituitary

Question 20

What is the function of T3/T4?

Answer 20

Increases basal metabolic rate, heat, HR, GI motility

Question 22

What hormone do parathyroid glands secrete?

Answer 22

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 23

What does PTH do to calcium levels?

Answer 23

Increases serum calcium

Question 24

How does PTH increase calcium?

Answer 24

Activates osteoclasts, increases renal reabsorption, activates vitamin D

Question 25

What is the effect of calcitonin?

Answer 25

Lowers blood calcium

Question 27

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 27

Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Question 28

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

Answer 28

Aldosterone

Question 29

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

Answer 29

Cortisol

Question 30

What does the zona reticularis produce?

Answer 30

Androgens (DHEA)

Question 32

What cells are in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 32

Chromaffin cells

Question 33

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 33

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 34

What regulates adrenal medulla secretion?

Answer 34

Sympathetic stimulation (ACh from preganglionic fibers)

Question 36

What do alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 36

Glucagon

Question 37

What do beta cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 37

Insulin

Question 38

What do delta cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 38

Somatostatin

Question 39

What stimulates insulin release?

Answer 39

High blood glucose

Question 40

What is the function of glucagon?

Answer 40

Increases blood glucose via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 42

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 42

Melatonin

Question 43

What regulates melatonin secretion?

Answer 43

Light/dark cycle via suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 45

What does the kidney produce to increase RBCs?

Answer 45

Erythropoietin

Question 46

What enzyme from the kidney starts the RAAS cascade?

Answer 46

Renin

Question 47

What hormone does the heart release to lower BP?

Answer 47

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

Question 48

What hormone from adipose tissue regulates satiety?

Answer 48

Leptin

Question 50

What condition is caused by excess ADH?

Answer 50

SIADH (hyponatremia)

Question 51

What condition is caused by ADH deficiency?

Answer 51

Diabetes insipidus

Question 52

What endocrine tumor causes episodic hypertension?

Answer 52

Pheochromocytoma

Question 53

What causes Cushing syndrome?

Answer 53

Excess cortisol (exogenous or endogenous)

Question 54

What causes Addison’s disease?

Answer 54

Adrenal insufficiency (low cortisol, low aldosterone)

Question 55

What is the cause of Graves disease?

Answer 55

Autoimmune TSH receptor activation (hyperthyroidism)

Question 56

What MEN syndrome involves pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid cancer?

Answer 56

MEN 2A and MEN 2B