GPT 2.11 Notes Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are the main metabolic pathways for fat?
Lipolysis, beta-oxidation, ketogenesis, triglyceride synthesis
What are the key steps in carbohydrate metabolism?
Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown
How is protein metabolized?
Digestion to amino acids, deamination, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis from amino acids
What are components of a healthy diet?
Balanced macronutrients (carbs, fats, proteins), fiber, vitamins, minerals, limited saturated fats and sugars
Which hormones regulate appetite and satiety?
Ghrelin (stimulates appetite), leptin (promotes satiety), insulin, PYY, GLP-1
What are main sites of fat deposition?
Subcutaneous (healthier), visceral (linked to metabolic disease)
Why is visceral fat significant?
Increases risk of insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, inflammation
When might nutritional supplements be needed?
Malnutrition, pregnancy, chronic illness, absorption issues, increased metabolic demand
What physiological changes occur during exercise?
Increased heart rate, oxygen uptake, glucose and fat metabolism, muscle contraction
How do diet and physical activity affect body composition?
Energy balance determines fat vs lean mass; exercise preserves muscle, diet affects fat stores
What causes substantial weight gain?
Excess calorie intake, decreased activity, endocrine disorders, medications
What causes substantial weight loss?
Malnutrition, chronic disease, hyperthyroidism, malignancy, malabsorption
What are pathophysiological consequences of obesity?
Diabetes, hypertension, CVD, sleep apnea, joint disease
What are consequences of severe weight loss?
Muscle wasting, immune dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance
What is bariatric surgery?
Surgical procedures (e.g., gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy) to reduce stomach size and/or absorption
When is bariatric surgery indicated?
Severe obesity with comorbidities, failed conservative management
How does diet prevent/treat type 2 diabetes?
Low glycemic index foods, reduced sugars, high fiber, weight loss
How does diet affect cardiovascular disease?
Low saturated fat, high omega-3, fruits, vegetables, reduce salt
How does diet impact chronic kidney disease?
Controlled protein, potassium, phosphate; avoid nephrotoxic substances
What are recommended levels of physical activity?
150 minutes moderate aerobic activity per week plus muscle strengthening twice weekly
How does physical activity prevent disease?
Improves cardiovascular health, weight control, insulin sensitivity, bone and joint health
What is the role of exercise in arthritis and cancer prevention?
Reduces inflammation, maintains mobility, may reduce cancer risk
