Heart Failure

Question 2

What is Heart Failure?

Answer 2

Abnormality of cardiac structure/function resulting in clinical symptoms and poor quality of life

Heart failure can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.

Question 3

List three common symptoms of Heart Failure.

Answer 3

• Fatigue
• Dyspnea
• Orthopnea

These symptoms can vary in severity and may impact daily activities.

Question 4

What examination finding may indicate Heart Failure?

Answer 4

• Jugular vein distension
• Rales (due to pulmonary congestion)
• Sinus tachycardia
• Peripheral oedema
• Ascites
• Hepatomegaly

These findings are often assessed during a physical examination.

Question 5

What would a chest X-ray (CXR) typically show in a patient with Heart Failure?

Answer 5

• Cardiomegaly
• Pleural effusion

These radiological findings can provide insight into the severity of heart failure.

Question 6

What is the significance of elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in Heart Failure?

Answer 6

Indicates heart failure and correlates with severity of the condition

BNP is a hormone produced by the heart in response to ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload.

Question 7

What is Class I in heart failure classification?

Answer 7

NO limitation of physical activity; ordinary activity does not cause symptoms

Class I indicates that a patient can perform normal physical activities without experiencing any symptoms.

Question 8

What characterizes Class II heart failure?

Answer 8

SLIGHT limitation; ordinary activity causes symptoms

Class II patients experience symptoms during regular activities but can still perform them with minor limitations.

Question 9

Describe Class III heart failure.

Answer 9

MARKED limitation; less than ordinary activity causes symptoms

In Class III, patients have significant limitations and may experience symptoms even with minimal exertion.

Question 10

What is the definition of Class IV in heart failure classification?

Answer 10

UNABLE to carry out any physical activity without discomfort; symptoms at rest

Class IV indicates severe heart failure, where patients are symptomatic even while at rest.

Question 11

What is the most common cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

Answer 11

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

CAD is a leading factor in the development of heart failure due to impaired blood flow to the heart muscle.

Question 12

Name one type of heart disease associated with depressed systolic ventricular function.

Answer 12

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by an enlarged heart and weakened pumping ability.

Question 13

What type of disease can lead to heart failure due to issues with heart valves?

Answer 13

Valvular disease

Valvular disease involves dysfunction of the heart valves, affecting blood flow through the heart.

Question 14

Fill in the blank: Congenital heart disease can result in _______ function.

Answer 14

depressed systolic ventricular

Congenital heart disease is a term for heart defects present at birth that can lead to various complications, including heart failure.

Question 15

What is the main characteristic of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

Answer 15

Reduced ejection fraction

Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving the heart each time it contracts.

Question 16

What is heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?

Answer 16

A type of heart failure characterized by diastolic failure.

Question 17

Name a condition associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Answer 17

Restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Question 18

What is another name for diastolic failure?

Answer 18

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Question 19

List one type of cardiomyopathy related to HFpEF.

Answer 19

• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 20

What is fibrosis in the context of heart failure?

Answer 20

A condition that can contribute to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Question 21

What are endomyocardial disorders?

Answer 21

Conditions affecting the inner layer of the heart muscle that can lead to HFpEF.

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction:

Question 22

Fill in the blank: HFpEF can be caused by _______.

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction:

Answer 22

[restrictive cardiomyopathy]

Question 23

name 3

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: (HFpEF; diastolic failure) -

Answer 23

• restrictive cardiomyopathy
• hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• fibrosis
• endomyocardial disorders

Question 24

DDx:

differential diagnosis

Answer 24

• pulmonary diseases (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma) – abnormal CXR, spirometry
• other causes of peripheral oedema (obesity, varicose veins, venous insuff) – no jugular distension

Question 25

# Heart Failure What are acute precipitating factors of hypertension?

Answer 25

- Excess Na+ intake, - acute MI, - acute arrhythmias, - myocarditis, - infections/fever, - pulmonary embolism, - anemia, - thyrotoxicosis, - pregnancy, - drugs (NSAIDS, verapamil) ## Footnote These factors can lead to an exacerbation of hypertension.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: _______ intake can be an acute precipitating factor for hypertension.

Answer 26

Excess Na+

Question 27

True or False: Anemia is an acute precipitating factor of hypertension.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

List three acute precipitating factors that can exacerbate hypertension.

Answer 28

* Acute MI * Acute arrhythmias * Infections/fever

Question 29

What condition during pregnancy can act as an acute precipitating factor for hypertension?

Answer 29

Pregnancy ## Footnote Pregnancy can lead to various physiological changes that may exacerbate hypertension.

Question 30

Which drug types are mentioned as acute precipitating factors for hypertension?

Answer 30

* NSAIDS * Verapamil

Question 31

Fill in the blank: _______ can lead to an exacerbation of hypertension due to acute stress on the cardiovascular system.

Answer 31

Pulmonary embolism

Question 32

What is thyrotoxicosis in the context of hypertension?

Answer 32

An acute precipitating factor for hypertension

Question 33

True or False: Myocarditis is not an acute precipitating factor for hypertension.

Answer 33

False