Pulmonary oedema Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is pulmonary oedema?
A condition characterized by excess fluid in the lungs.
What are the two main causes of pulmonary oedema?
Cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic.
What is cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?
Pulmonary oedema due to increased pressure in the heart, particularly the left heart.
What is the pathophysiology of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?
Left ventricle unable to pump blood adequately, leading to increased pressure in the left heart, veins, and lung capillaries, causing fluid to be pushed into air sacs.
List three causes of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.
- CAD (Coronary Artery Disease) * Cardiomyopathy * Mitral or aortic valve diseases * Hypertension
What is non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?
Pulmonary oedema resulting from causes other than heart issues.
List three causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.
- ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) * High altitude * Neurogenic causes * Adverse drug reactions * Pulmonary embolism * Viral infections * Lung injury * Toxins * Smoke inhalation * Near drowning
What are acute symptoms of pulmonary oedema?
- dyspnea – worsens when lying down
- anxiety, restlessness
- cough with frothy sputum (may be blood-tinged)
- chest pain – if due to heart disease
- palpitations
These symptoms indicate the immediate effects of pulmonary oedema on the body.
What are chronic symptoms of pulmonary oedema?
- exertional dyspnea
- night wakes due to breathlessness – may be relieved by sitting up
- peripheral oedema
- fatigue
Chronic symptoms often develop over time and indicate long-term effects of pulmonary oedema.
What are some complications of pulmonary oedema?
- PAH
- R vent failure
- pleural effusion
- hepatomegaly
- ascites
PAH-Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
These complications can arise as a result of untreated or severe pulmonary oedema.
True or False: Dyspnea in pulmonary oedema worsens when lying down.
True
This symptom is characteristic of acute pulmonary oedema.
Fill in the blank: A cough with _______ sputum may be a symptom of pulmonary oedema.
frothy
The sputum may sometimes be blood-tinged, indicating severity.
What symptom may relieve breathlessness at night in chronic pulmonary oedema?
sitting up
This position can help alleviate symptoms during sleep.
What is a primary treatment for pulmonary oedema?
Oxygen administration
Oxygen helps to improve oxygenation in patients with pulmonary oedema.
What position should a patient be in for pulmonary oedema treatment if they are not hypotensive?
Upright sitting
This position can help reduce preload and improve breathing.
Which type of diuretics is commonly used in the treatment of pulmonary oedema?
IV loop diuretics
Loop diuretics help to reduce fluid overload in the lungs.
What is a common sublingual medication used in pulmonary oedema treatment?
Sublingual nitroglycerin
It helps to reduce preload and improve symptoms.
What is an important consideration when administering IV morphine in pulmonary oedema?
Careful of hypotension and respiratory depression side effects
Morphine can help relieve anxiety and dyspnea but has significant side effects.
Which medication is indicated for patients with hypertension, acute MI, or heart failure in pulmonary oedema?
ACEi
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are beneficial in managing these conditions.
When should Nesiritide be used in pulmonary oedema treatment?
Only for refractory symptoms
Nesiritide should not be used in acute MI or cardiogenic shock.
What type of medications are inotropics used for in pulmonary oedema?
Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
Inotropics like dopamine, dobutamine, and milrinone support cardiac output.
What should be treated in conjunction with pulmonary oedema?
Precipitating causes
Identifying and addressing underlying issues is crucial for effective management.
